Cov txheej txheem:

Craft is Hom khoom siv tes ua. Folk crafts
Craft is Hom khoom siv tes ua. Folk crafts
Anonim

Cov tsos ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua ntog rau ntawm qhov pib ntawm tib neeg kev ua ub no. Txij li thaum ancient sij hawm, pib ntawm kev ua crafts yog paub.

Lub tswvyim ntawm crafts

Khoom siv tes ua yog kev ua haujlwm tsim khoom raws li kev tsim cov khoom lag luam nrog kev pab ntawm kev ua haujlwm me me, ua ntej kev tsim cov tshuab tsim thiab khaws cia nrog nws.

craft nws
craft nws

Tus neeg uas ua tej yam kev txawj ntse yog hu ua tus kws txawj.

puas yog dab tsi

Folk crafts yog cov khoom uas yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv zoo tib yam ntawm tes thiab cov qauv yooj yim. Folk crafts muaj ntau haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lawv cov tswv yim kev ua si, cov khoom yog tsim los ntawm tes thiab feem ntau yog los ntawm tej yam ntuj tso ntaub ntawv los yog ze rau lawv (ntoo, fabrics, hlau, thiab lwm yam). Hom kev ua ub no tau tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev, thaum tsim cov khoom tsim nyog hauv tsev. Zoo li kev kos duab, pej xeem cov khoom siv tes ua tau hloov kho raws li kab lis kev cai, kev ntseeg, thiab qee zaum kev xav txog kev nom kev tswv.

Craft keeb kwm

Cov khoom siv tes ua muaj keeb kwm ntev. Cov zej zog qub feem ntau feem ntau koom nrog hauv tsevhandicrafts, ua khoom ntawm pob zeb, pob txha, av nplaum, ntoo, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom siv hauv tsev yog tsim cov khoom tsim nyog rau kev tu vaj tse. Hauv qee qhov chaw thiab niaj hnub no, qhov haujlwm no tseem ceeb heev.

Tom qab ntawd, tib neeg pib ua lub neej nyob tsis tswm, cov neeg txawj ntse tshwm sim. Ntau tus kws txawj ua haujlwm ua liaj ua teb ntawm vaj, cov tuam tsev, cov tuam tsev thiab cov tswv qhev (Ancient Egypt, Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece thiab cov teb chaws Mesopotamia). Thaum xub thawj, tus kws tsim khoom ua haujlwm ib leeg, tab sis txij li qhov no tau muab cov nyiaj tau los me me, cov craftsmen pib sib sau ua ke. Cov pab pawg no tau hu ua artels thiab tau xaj los ntawm cov pejxeem. Qee tus tswv tau mus rau cov nroog thiab cov zos, thaum lwm tus nyob thiab ua haujlwm hauv ib qho chaw. Crafts thiab handicrafts kom txiav txim tau nce mus rau qhov tshwm sim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub nroog raws li qhov chaw ntawm handicrafts thiab luam. Txog rau hnub no, hauv ntau qhov chaw nyob, cov npe ntawm txoj kev tau khaws cia, qhia txog qhov chaw ua haujlwm ntawm ib lossis lwm tus tswv. Piv txwv li, lub lauj kaub tais diav - nws txhim kho cov khoom siv av nplaum, Tannery - tawv ua, tsim cov khoom tawv, kho khau, Cib - kev tsim cov cib.

Nyob rau Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub Nyoog, ib daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua tau tshwm sim. Ib qho kev sib raug zoo tshiab tau tshwm sim hauv cov nroog - cov no yog cov neeg txawj ntse hauv nroog. Cov ceg tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv hauv nroog yog: kev tsim cov khoom siv hlau, kev tsim cov ntaub, kev tsim cov iav, thiab lwm yam. Cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv nroog muaj cov cai xws li kev cai hauv nroog, kev cob qhia khoom siv tes ua, thiab lawv tus kheej txoj kev ywj pheej.

Lavxias teb sab crafts
Lavxias teb sab crafts

Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev lag luamlub coup, ntau hom crafts poob lawv primacy nyob rau hauv ntau lawm, factories thiab factories pib siv tshuab. Niaj hnub no, cov neeg txawj ntse tau muaj sia nyob hauv kev lag luam uas ua haujlwm rau tus kheej cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom thiab hauv kev tsim cov khoom kim heev (shoemakers, tailors, jewelers, artists, etc.).

Keeb kwm ntawm kev txhim kho cov khoom siv tes ua hauv Russia

Cov pejxeem ntawm Lavxias lub nroog feem ntau yog cov kws ua txuj ci. Lawv feem ntau tau koom nrog kev ua haujlwm hlau. Tom qab ntawd, metalwork tau tsim los ntawm kev siv hlau. Nws cov khoom tau txais kev xav tau zoo hauv Tebchaws Europe. Kev tsim riam phom tau xaiv cov kws ua haujlwm rau kev tsim cov hneev, phom, quivers, thiab lwm yam. Cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm Lavxias teb sab artisans tau suav hais tias yog qhov kev txiav txim siab ntau dua li Turkish, Syrian thiab Italian.

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm keeb kwm, xyoo 1382 twb muaj cov phom loj hauv tebchaws Russia. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 14th, foundry lag luam (casting ntawm tswb) tau tsim. Nrog rau kev txeeb chaw ntawm Mongols, ntau lawm poob rau hauv lwj.

Jewellery craftsmanship pab cov kev xav tau ntawm cov aristocracy. Cov khoom tseem muaj sia nyob (icons, golden belts, crockery, book bindings) ua tim khawv rau cov kws tshaj lij ntawm jewelers hauv engraving, artistic casting, forging, niello thiab embossing. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 14th, lub minting ntawm npib pib nyob rau hauv ntau lub hauv paus ntawm Lavxias teb sab, uas tsim cov khoom siv tes ua nyiaj. Tawv, shoemaking thiab pottery yog tsim los rau kev lag luam thiab ntau tus neeg siv khoom. Ntau yam tais diav, khoom ua si thiab khoom siv hauv tsev tau ua los ntawm av nplaum. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tsev teev ntuj pob zeb tau tsim nyob rau hauv Moscow thiab lwm lub nroog (tsuas yog ntawm pob zeb dawb) thiabchiming pej thuam moos.

Cov haujlwm ntawm tus tswv tau ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhim kho kev puas tsuaj tom qab Tatar-Mongol conquests. Lavxias teb sab crafts cuam tshuam rau kev npaj ntawm kev lag luam prerequisites rau creation ntawm ib tug Lavxias teb sab centralized xeev.

pej xeem crafts
pej xeem crafts

Txij li xyoo 1917, cov neeg txawj ntse hauv tebchaws Russia tau poob qis heev, lawv tau koom nrog kev koom tes hauv kev lag luam. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias tam sim no Lavxias cov khoom siv tes ua suav nrog ntau lub ntiaj teb nto moo pej xeem crafts.

Ntau hom thiab ntau yam khoom siv tes ua

Hom khoom siv tes ua yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv los ntawm cov khoom tsim. Tau ntev, tib neeg tau paub cov khoom siv tes ua xws li:

  • Nkauj.
  • Nyob.
  • khoom qab zib.
  • Nkauj.
  • Spinning.
  • jewellery.
  • Bakery.
  • Leather.
  • hom khoom siv tes ua
    hom khoom siv tes ua

Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws.

Kev Txhaj Tshuaj Txhaum Cai yog ib qho ntawm thawj txoj haujlwm uas tau tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Russia. Tib neeg yeej ib txwm xav tsis thoob ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws ntaus hlau. Lawv tsis tuaj yeem nkag siab tias tus tswv ua li cas cov khoom zoo li no los ntawm cov hlau grey. Rau ntau haiv neeg, cov kws ntaus hlau raug suav hais tias yuav luag tus neeg ua khawv koob.

Thaum kws ua hlau ua ntej yuav tsum muaj kev paub tshwj xeeb thiab kev cob qhia tshwj xeeb uas muaj ntau yam cuab yeej. Cov hlau tau smelted los ntawm swamp ores, uas tau mined nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg. Cov neeg ua haujlwm qub qub ntawm Lavxias tau ua cov kab mob, coulters, scythes rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, thiab hmuv, ntaj, axes, xub rau cov tub rog. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsev neeg ib txwm xav tau riam, nuv ntses, yuam sij.thiab xauv, koob, thiab lwm yam.

xuas tes ua khoom siv tes ua
xuas tes ua khoom siv tes ua

Hnub no, kev nce qib tau hloov pauv me ntsis thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm hlau, tab sis nws tseem xav tau. Chaw ua hauj lwm, chav tsev, lub teb chaws tsev, chaw ua si, squares yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog artistic forging, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv kev thov nyob rau hauv toj roob hauv pes tsim.

Jewelcraft

Cov khoom siv tes ua khoom plig yog ib qho qub tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej. Cov khoom ua los ntawm kub, nyiaj thiab pob zeb muaj nuj nqis tau ntev tau suav tias yog lub cim ntawm lub hwj chim thiab kev nplua nuj ntawm cov chav kawm aristocratic. Rov qab rau hauv 10th - 11th centuries, hniav nyiaj hniav kub masters tau nto moo rau lawv cov txuj ci thoob plaws teb chaws Europe. Txij thaum ancient sij hawm, tib neeg tau mob siab rau qhuas cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Cov hlaws dai yog tsim los ntawm cov hlau zoo nkauj lossis cov iav xim, pendants nrog ntau yam qauv (feem ntau yog tsiaj), cov nyiaj ntawm lub cev nqaij daim tawv uas tau dai los ntawm lub taub hau los yog xaws rau hauv cov plaub hau, rings, colts, thiab lwm yam.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th nyob rau hauv Russia muaj kev vam meej ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub craftsmanship. Tsuas yog lub sijhawm no, txoj haujlwm ntawm "kub thiab silversmith" pib hu ua "jeweler". Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, Lavxias teb sab craftsmen tsim lawv tus kheej style, ua tsaug rau cov Lavxias teb sab hniav nyiaj hniav kub tseem niaj hnub no. Cov tuam txhab nto moo ntawm Grachev cov kwv tij, Ovchinnikov thiab Faberge pib ua haujlwm.

kev lag luam thiab khoom siv tes ua
kev lag luam thiab khoom siv tes ua

Hnub no, vim txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev vam meej, cov pej xeem xav tau ntau thiab ntau cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub.

khoom qab zib

Nws paub tias txij li xyoo pua 10th, earthenware tau tsim nyob rau hauv Russia. Qhov no tau ua los ntawm tes thiabfeem ntau yog poj niam tes. Txhawm rau kom muaj zog thiab ua haujlwm ntev ntawm cov khoom, cov plhaub me me, xuab zeb, quartz, granite, thiab qee zaum cov nroj tsuag thiab cov tawg ntawm ceramics tau tov nrog av nplaum.

Ib me ntsis tom qab, cov potter lub log tau tshwm sim, uas ua rau cov neeg ua haujlwm potters yooj yim dua. Lub voj voog tau teeb tsa los ntawm tes, thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm ko taw. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov txiv neej pib koom nrog lub lauj kaub tais diav.

lauj kaub tais diav
lauj kaub tais diav

Pottery mus txog kev lag luam hauv xyoo pua 18th. Ceramic factories tau tshwm sim hauv St. Petersburg, thiab tom qab me ntsis hauv Moscow.

Cov khoom ua los ntawm cov potters niaj hnub no tseem zoo heev. Niaj hnub no, lub lauj kaub tais diav yog ib txoj hauj lwm nrov nyob rau hauv ntau thaj tsam ntawm Russia, thiab qhov kev thov rau cov khoom xuas tes ua ceramic yog ib txwm nce.

Pom zoo: