Lub xeev twg yog cov hlau zoo tshaj plaws forged? Dab tsi hlau yog qhov zoo dua los siv hauv forging

2024 Tus sau: Sierra Becker | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-26 05:10

Hlau forging koom nrog cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm cov hlau blanks kom muab lawv qhov kev xav tau nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm kev hloov lawv qhov loj thiab cov duab. Cov khoom uas tau txais thaum lub sij hawm ua yog hu ua forgings. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txhawm rau kom tau txais cov khoom lag luam zoo ib nrab tiav, koj yuav tsum paub hauv lub xeev dab tsi cov hlau zoo tshaj plaws forged, cov khoom siv twg yog qhov tsim nyog tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv ib rooj plaub, thiab lwm yam.

Ntawm cov hauv paus hlau zoo tshaj plaws rau forging yog cov hlau zoo, cam khwb cia hlau, txhuas, hlau, tooj liab thiab tooj liab. Tab sis feem ntau tsuas yog peb lub ntsiab yog siv. Lub forge yog ib lub rooj cob qhia uas cov khoom ua tiav los ntawm forging. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no niaj hnub no, vim hais tias ntawm cov qib qis ntawm cov khoom ntawm phau ntawv ua hauj lwm, ntau lawm yog nce mus rau lub Hoobkas (conveyor) ntau lawm. Tam sim no, tsis yog kev cob qhia, muaj ntau thiab ntau lub khw muag khoom ua haujlwm nrog hydraulic hammers. Raws li rau phau ntawv ua hauj lwm, tam sim no nws yog resorted rau tsuas yog rau kev tsim khoom ntawm tej khoom los yogkev kos duab.

History

Blacksmithing tuaj yeem hu ua qhov thib ob ntawm cov npe ntawm cov khoom siv qub qub. Tom qab tib neeg nrhiav tau qhov txiaj ntsig tsis tuaj yeem ntawm cov khoom siv hlau hla cov pob zeb, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev siv hlau tam sim ntawd pib. Txij li thaum lub sij hawm immemorial, forges feem ntau nyob rau sab nrauv ntawm txhua qhov kev sib hais haum vim qhov tseeb tias qhov no yog qhov chaw muaj hluav taws kub txaus ntshai. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, ib tug obligatory cwj pwm ntawm xws li ib tug rhiav yog bellows thiab ib tug forge (brazier), uas yog tsim los coj cov hlau mus rau qhov yuav tsum tau kub. Ntoo lossis thee tau siv rau roj. Cov cuab yeej siv tseem ceeb yog: chisels, anvil, rauj, pincers, ntaub ntawv, nailer thiab emery pob zeb.

Blacksmiths in Russia

Raws li rau Russia, xyaum ua kom txog rau thaum xyoo 19th, hlau forging thev naus laus zis tsis hloov pauv, thiab qhov no txawm tias cov kws ua haujlwm hlau ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd nyob rau theem siab uas lawv tuaj yeem ua cov watches yam tsis muaj teeb meem, tsis hais txog riam. thiab lwm yam. Ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb tau nyob los ntawm kev tsim txhua yam ntawm cov xauv nrog ntau yam kev zais zais, thaum cov neeg ua haujlwm paub tias cov hlau twg zoo dua los siv hauv forging.

Blacksmith Requirements

Hmoov tsis zoo, lossis tej zaum hmoov zoo, tsis yog txhua tus tuaj yeem dhau los ua tus tswv ntawm kev ua haujlwm hlau. Nws tsis txaus kom paub nyob rau hauv lub xeev cov hlau yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws forged, dab tsi cov cuab yeej yuav tsum tau siv rau qhov no. Tus kws ntaus hlau yuav tsum muaj lub zog zoo kawg li, muaj lub cev muaj zog thiab lub hlwbnoj qab nyob zoo, noj qab nyob zoo, muaj lub tswv yim zoo.

Nyob forging

Txawm nyob ntawm seb forging puas ua nrog lossis tsis muaj qhov kub thiab txias, cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob hom - txias thiab kub.

Raws li yav tas los, qhov no nws nkag siab tias cov hlau siv rau forging yuav raug coj mus rau lub xeev uas xav tau ncaj qha rau hauv lub qhov cub. Needless hais, txhua yam khoom muaj nws tus kheej kub, nyob ntawm nws tus kheej cov tshuaj thiab lub cev khoom.

Cold forging, raws li nws lub npe, tsis muaj cua sov, thiab kev ua haujlwm yuav siv cov khoom tshwj xeeb. Los ntawm txoj kev, yog hais tias cov khoom yuav tsum tau stamping, ces nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws yog muab tso rau hauv tshwj xeeb stamping khoom, uas txwv tsis pub nws loj mus rau qhov yuav tsum tau, tom qab uas, nyob rau hauv lub siab, cov hlau yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib tug kab noj hniav nyob rau hauv uas nws tau muab tso rau.. Cov txheej txheem no feem ntau siv tsuas yog hauv pawg, batch ntau lawm.

Kev faib tawm los ntawm kev ua tiav

Kev faib tawm ntawm forging yog ua raws li txoj kev ntawm kev ua hlau: crimping, vuam thiab zoo tib yam. Lub tom kawg, nyob rau hauv lem, yuav compacting cov khoom thiab muab nws tsim nyog cov duab. Thaum lub sij hawm vuam, cov pob khoom yog spliced, uas muaj cov khoom sib cais uas tau muab tso rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias. Raws li rau crimping crits, nrog rau txoj kev no,compaction ua raws li kev vuam ntawm cov khoom nrog kev tso tawm ntawm slag ncaj qha los ntawm tawg (ib qho hlau loj uas zoo li khob noom cookie).

Forging tuaj yeem yog phau ntawv thiab tsis siv neeg. Thawj yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm kev ua tiav siv rauj, sledgehammer thiab lwm yam cuab yeej. Thaum xub thawj, lub billet chim siab, kos, pierced, txiav, khoov, welded thiab tiav.

Thaum tsis siv neeg forging, tag nrho cov haujlwm tib yam nkaus xwb, tsuas yog siv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb xwb los ntawm kev siv tes ua haujlwm.

Forging Metals

Hauv kev ua haujlwm hlau, cov tswv qee zaum yuav tsum tau cuam tshuam nrog cov hlau sib txawv thiab lawv cov alloys. Cov khoob ntawm qhov loj tib yam yuav xav tau qhov kub thiab txias, thiab yog li cov roj sib txawv.

Dab tsi yog qhov thermal conductivity ntawm hlau? Qhov no yog tus nqi cua sov ntawm lub workpiece txheeb ze rau nws hla ntu. Cov lus xaus hauv qab no tuaj yeem kos: qhov qis dua nws cov thermal conductivity, qhov siab dua qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov kab nrib pleb. Yog li, thermal conductivity yog ncaj qha ntsig txog kev siv roj.

Cov hlau hu ua "ductile" yog siv ncaj qha rau kev siv hlau, hauv lwm lo lus, cov hlau nplaum, piv txwv li, hlau nrog carbon, raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus, yog qhov txawv: high-carbon (0.6- 2%), nruab nrab (0. 25-0.6%), qis carbon (txog 0.25%).

Steel

Raws li nws cov qauv, hlau zoo li lub cev granular-crystalline, uas yog hom nplej. Vim nws cov khoom, nws yog ib qho khoom siv zoo tagnrho rautus kws ntaus hlau. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas cov ntsiab lus carbon tsis tshaj 0.1%, cov hlau hloov mus ua heev mos thiab yooj yim rau welding yam tsis muaj ntxiv hardening, nyob rau hauv kev xyaum nws tsuas yog hu ua hlau.

Yog tias cov ntsiab lus carbon tau khaws cia hauv thaj av ntawm 0.1-0.3%, ces cov khoom siv no ua tau raws li txhua qhov yuav tsum tau ua, thiab tsim nyog rau qhov xav tau kev kos duab kos duab. Cov hlau siv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no tej zaum yuav txawv, tsuas yog impurities nyob rau hauv lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj 1%. Lawv kuj hu ua ornamental.

Carbon steel

Cov hlau ntawd, uas tsis muaj ntau tshaj 1.7% carbon, yog hu ua carbon steel thiab, txawm hais tias cov khoom no nyuaj heev rau phau ntawv forging, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev forging tsis siv neeg.

Raws li rau GOST 380-71, steel rau artic forging yog cim los ntawm 0 mus rau 8. Cov khoom raug xaiv raws li nram no: St0 los yog St1, thiab lwm yam. Tus lej no, uas tuaj tom qab ntawv, qhia txog qhov feem pua ntawm cov pa roj carbon ntau hauv pua. Thaum teb cov lus nug "nyob rau hauv dab tsi lub xeev yog hlau zoo tshaj plaws forged", nws yuav tsum to taub hais tias qhov ze rau qhov taw qhia yog xoom, cov khoom softer. Piv txwv li, St10 muaj 0.10% carbon. Tom ntej no, ib lub rooj yuav raug nthuav tawm qhov twg nws pom meej meej nyob rau hauv lub xeev cov hlau zoo tshaj plaws rau forging, ntau precisely, qhov kub ntawm qhov pib thiab qhov kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem no.

qib steel	T°C forging		qib steel	T°C forging
	Start	End		Start	End
St1	1300	900	U7,U8	1150	800
St2	1250	850	U9
St3	1200	850	U10, U12	1130	870

Yog li, txhua tus kws tshaj lij tuaj yeem ntsuas qhov ntsuas kub uas yuav tsum tau muaj nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb, thiab, raws li, qhov xav tau ntawm cov roj hluav taws xob rau kev sib tw thiab cov hlau tsim nyog rau forging. Blacksmithing yog txheej txheem ncaj ncees, txawm tias sab nrauv tsis zoo ntawm cov kws ua hlau. Hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, qhov no zoo ib yam li kev kos duab, thiab nws nyuaj heev los nrhiav tus tswv zoo tiag tiag txhua xyoo.