Cov txheej txheem:
- Yuav ua li cas xaws tiab luv luv?
- Tshaj tawm tiers ntawm me nyuam tiab
- tiab ntev nrog checkerboard qauv
- Motive crochet tiab: qauv, piav qhia
- Openwork square qauv
- Paj Round Motif
- Pineapple tiab
- Kev txuas ntxiv knitting "pineapple" tiab
- Knitting petals "pineapple" tiab
- Yooj yim crochet knitted tiab: qauv, piav qhia
- Tips for beginners
- Summary of results
2024 Tus sau: Sierra Becker | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-26 05:15
Ntawm txhua yam, daim tiab crochet yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab nrawm tshaj plaws. Cov tswv yim feem ntau yog ib qho kev hloov ntawm ntau tus qauv, uas ua rau cov khoom qub. Nws yog qhov zoo dua rau beginner craftswomen pib nrog cov me nyuam cov khoom. Ua ntej, lawv knit sai dua. Qhov thib ob, yog tias muaj qhov yuam kev, lawv tuaj yeem yaj thiab rov txuas dua. Thib peb, kev paub crochet tau txais.
Yuav ua li cas xaws tiab luv luv?
Tus nuv tso cai rau koj xaws cov khoom hauv qhov chaw lossis tag nrho. Cov ntxhais nyiam cov tiab fluffy. Siv cov qauv openwork, koj tau txais shuttlecocks. Ib co novice craftswomen tsis to taub yuav ua li cas los tsim tiers nyob rau hauv ib yam khoom. Cia peb saib ze ze yuav ua li cas crochet tiab peb-tier rau ib tug ntxhais.
Lub tswvyim muaj peb tus qauv:
- thawj tus qauv suav nrog ob chav crochets (qhia hauv daim duab kos raws li CH);
- daim duab thib ob yog sawv cev los ntawm ib tug sirloin net;
- thib peb - openwork qauv.
Raws li qhov ntim ntawm lub duav, knit ob chav crochets hauv ib lub voj voog. Lus cia tom qab kaum mus rau kaum tsib centimeters, knit ib sirloin net (CH, ob lub voj voog (VP), CH), ntxiv loops. Peb shuttlecocks ces txuas rau lub vas,Yog li ntawd, qhov ntev ntawm daim tiab nyob ntawm nws qhov loj.
Ntxiv mus, los ntawm kab thib ob ntawm sirloin mesh, koj pib knit txhua tus qauv openwork uas yog siv rau dab tshos, napkins, bedspreads. Koj pib lub thib ob theem los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub fillet net, thiab knit lub thib peb shuttlecock nyob rau hauv nws kab kawg. Tom qab tsim cov tiers, rov qab mus rau txoj siv dua thiab khi nws ua ntej nrog arches, ces sau lawv nrog ob npaug rau crochets.
Tshaj tawm tiers ntawm me nyuam tiab
Txiav txim siab qhov chaw rau plaub lub voj voog, xaws lawv nrog ib qho crochets. Rau ib txoj siv, xaiv ib qho elastic band qauv, decorate nrog paj. Cia peb saib ze dua ntawm tus qauv openwork rau shuttlecocks.
crochet me nyuam tiab: tier pattern
- Txhua kab pib nrog 3 qhov chaw tos (PP) thiab xaus nrog kev sib txuas st. SN, VP (asterisks show pattern repeat).
- SN, VP.
- 3ch, 2ch hauv txhua qhov ntawm kab dhau los (kab), ch 5, hla ch thiab ib qho crochet (sc), 5ch, hla ch dua, ch 3 hauv txhua ch, ch 1, 3ch.
- 3PP, 2CH, 3CH, 1SC nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub koov ntawm tsib loops PR, 3CH, SC mus rau tom ntej arch PR, 3CH, 3CH haum rau tib kab PR, 2CH, 3CH.
- 3PP, 2SN, 4VP, RLS hauv qhov thib ob ntawm PR, 4VP, 3SN, 5VP, 3SN.
- 3PP, 2SN, 2VP, RLS nyob rau hauv thawj arch ntawm PR, 2VP, RLS nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej koov ntawm PR, 3SN, 2VP, (CH, 3VP, CH nyob rau hauv tib lub voj nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm PR arch - lub caij zoo li "slingshot" ""), 2VP, 3SN.
- 3PP, 2CH, 3CH, RLS nyob rau hauv lub thib ob koov ntawm CR, 3CH, 3CH, 2CH, 7CH yog knitted rau "slingshot" CR, 2CH, 3CH.
- 3PP, 2SN, VP, 3SN, 2VP, (SN, 2VP - 7 times), 3SN.
- 3PP, 3SN, peb knit lub siab kab ntawm cov nplaim paj ntawm kab dhau los rau hauv ib lub voj ntawm lub hauv paus (saum saum toj yog knitted zoo li "pob", - 3 kab nrog ob crochets nyob rau hauv ib lub voj ntawm lub puag thiab nrog ib sab saum toj), 3VP, (pob ntawm loops PR, 2CH, pico (3CH hauv lub voj voog), 2CH - 5 zaug), pob, 3CH, 4CH.
tiab ntev nrog checkerboard qauv
Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg laus tiab yog cov ntaub hauv ob sab phlu yog xav tau rau cov qauv openwork. Koj yuav xav tau kev ntsuas ntawm lub duav, lub duav thiab ntev mus rau pob taws. Ib tus qauv duab plaub muaj cuaj kab, thiab rov ua dua muaj kaum tsib loops. Daim duab yog tau nyob rau hauv ib tug checkerboard qauv. Ntxiv stitches tusyees nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum kab tom qab qhov kawg ntawm cov duab plaub, raws li qhov no yog ib tug crocheted A-line tiab. Cov qauv qhia:
- Hu xov tooj raws li lub duav. Pib nrog lifting loops thiab xaus nrog lub voj txuas.
- "Slingshot" (CH, 2CH, CH hauv ib lub voj ntawm lub hauv paus), 2CH, 7CH, 2CH, "slingshot".
- 7CH hauv "slingshot", 3CH, "slingshot" hauv kab 4th ntawm xya CR, 3CH, 7CH.
- "Slingshot" tsis muaj VP (RVP) nyob rau hauv 1 kem ntawm PR, 3SN, RVP nyob rau hauv lub 7th kem ntawm PR, 2VP, lub slingshot yog knitted rau huab cua loops ntawm tib lub cim PR, 2VP, RVP.
- 7CH hauv txhua kab ntawm CR, 2 VP, "slingshot", 2VP, 7CH.
- Kab rau 6 kab ntxiv ua kab tsib.
Tom qab ntawd xaws cov kab hauv qab no raws li cov lus qhia. Rectangular ncej yog tam sim no hloov thiab haum rau "slingshots", cesmuaj chess qauv tsim. Thaum kawg ntawm knitting, hauv qab ntawm lub tiab yog khi nrog ib tug frill (tus qauv yog muab nyob rau hauv cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov khoom thawj). Sew rau hauv ob sab phlu thiab elastic band ntawm cov khoom siv.
Motive crochet tiab: qauv, piav qhia
Cov khoom lag luam los ntawm motifs yog yooj yim nyob rau hauv uas knitting tus neeg lub ntsiab yog sai dua. Tab sis thaum sib sau ua ke tag nrho cov khoom, pib needlewomen yuav ntsib teeb meem. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov zoo dua rau cov neeg pib xaiv cov duab plaub lossis square, thiab tawm mus ncig, cov qauv paj rau cov kws tshaj lij. Ua ntej ua haujlwm, koj yuav tsum ua ob peb kauj ruam npaj.
- ntsuas ntsuas.
- Draw a pattern.
- Ki lub siab xav, ntsuas nws qhov ntev hauv centimeters.
- Raws qhov loj ntawm lub motif nrog tus qauv (koj tuaj yeem ntsuas qhov chaw ntawm cov motifs, ces koj yuav pom ntau npaum li cas "tsis muaj" lossis bust.
- Ua kev hloov kho, uas yog, nrog qhov tsis txaus me ntsis, tawg centimeters los khi tag nrho cov motifs hauv ob peb kab. Thaum "brute quab yuam" yog hloov pauv tus qauv (tab sis tom qab ntawd nws yuav tsum rov ua dua thoob plaws hauv cov khoom), lossis tseem ua rau cov centimeter tawg ntawm lwm cov motifs.
Koj tuaj yeem hloov motifs nrog loin qauv lossis kab. Ua ntej, ntawm cov qauv yooj yim nws yooj yim dua thiab imperceptibly kom nce los yog txo cov loops, thiab tom qab ntawd muab cov motifs. Thaum tag nrho cov kev suav tau ua tiav, nws tseem yog crochet lub tiab. Cov qauv rau openwork thiab paj qauv yog muab hauv qab no.
Openwork square qauv
- chaw ntawm 8ch.
- 4CH, 3CH - rov ua peb zaug ntxiv kom ua tauplaub sab.
- RVP hauv kab kawg ntawm CR, 3CH ntawm lub voj voog ntawm CR, RVP hauv 1 kab ntawm CR, 5CH.
- "Nruab" ntawm ob kab nrog ob crochets (ШС2Н) nyob rau hauv thawj lub hauv paus ntawm "slingshot" PR, 5SN, ШС2Н, 3VP, txuas voj (SP) nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub koov PR, 3VP.
- ШС2Н yog knitted tshaj tib lub cim PR, 3VP, (SP, 4VP - 5 zaug), SP, 3VP, ШС2Н("bumps" yog knitted tam sim tsis muaj cua loops ntawm lawv).
- SHS2N, 4VP, (SP, 5VP - 4 times), SP, 4VP, ShS2N, 6VP.
- SHS2N, 5VP, (SP, 5VP - 3 zaug), SP, 5VP, ShS2N, 5VP, "slingshot" nrog 5VP nruab nrab ntawm lawv, 5VP.
- SHS2N, 5VP, (SP, 5VP - 1 lub sijhawm ntxiv), SP, 5VP, ShS2N, 5VP, CH hauv nruab nrab ntawm thawj kab ntawm PR, 5VP, ob npaug "slingshot" (2SN, 5VP, 2SN hauv 3-th voj ntawm lub koov ntawm ib lub cim zoo sib xws PR), 5VP, CH, 5VP.
- SHS2N, 5VP, SP, 5VP, SP, 5VP, SS2N, (5VP, SN - 1 ntxiv sijhawm), 5VP, triple "slingshot" (3SN, 5VP, 3SN), (5VP, SN - more 1 zaug), 5ch.
- ШС2Н, 5VP, SP, 5VP, ШС2Н, (5VP, CH - 3 zaug), 5VP, "slingshot" ntawm 4CH ntawm txhua sab thiab 5VP hauv nruab nrab, (5VP, CH - 3 zaug), 5VP.
- ШС2Н - 1 zaug ntxiv yam tsis muaj VP ntawm lawv, (5VP, CH - 4 zaug), 5VP, "slingshot" ntawm 5 CH ntawm txhua sab thiab "pico" hauv nruab nrab, (5VP, CH - 4 times), 5VP.
Nws tig tawm ib lub xwmfab nrog plaub lub paj uas haum zoo li pineapple. Xws li openwork knitted tiab (crocheted) nrog cov qauv pineapple yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ua ke nrog cov qauv ntom ntom, loin mesh, tsim kom muaj qhov txawv txav.
Paj Round Motif
Paj motif yog knitted nyob rau hauv wool nyob rau hauv lub style ntawm guipure lace. Yog tias tsis muaj kev paub txog crochet, ces khaws lwm lub paj motif, sib duakev ua tiav. Ua tib zoo nyeem daim duab kos. Ua ntej, knit lub hauv paus ntawm lub paj los ntawm ib tug crochets. Ces knit yim petals. Thov nco ntsoov tias txij no mus, rov qab knitting yog tab tom ua.
Cov paj saum toj kawg nkaus muaj kab nrog ib thiab peb crochets, "slingshots", arches thiab "picot". Kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntsiab lus tshwm sim los ntawm "pico". Ntxiv rau tag nrho cov paj paj, siv "ib nrab paj" cov ntsiab lus nrog 5 petals thiab nplooj me kom tau cov khoom ntom ntom, "opaque" (lub ntsiab lus ntawm daim tiab crochet). Lub tswv yim ntawm guipure ntsiab yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab.
Thaum tag nrho cov khoom txuas nrog, muab tso rau ntawm tus qauv, xaws lawv ua ke. Sew ntawm ib lub tsho hauv qab. Thov nco ntsoov: qhov loj dua tus qauv, qhov ntau qhov chaw. Koj sau lawv nrog cov ntsiab lus me me, lossis xaws lub tsho petticoat hauv cov xim sib txawv (ces tus qauv zoo li ci dua). Yog tias koj tsis xav xaws, ces knit lub ntsiab ntaub nrog ib tug tuab qauv kom cov khoom tsis ci los ntawm, thiab decorate hauv qab nrog lace.
Pineapple tiab
Daim tiab no tsim ib yam li tus menyuam daim tiab. Cov tiers ntawm cov khoom yog knitted nyias, thiab ces sewn mus rau hauv paus. Ua tsaug rau cov qauv openwork, fluffy, lub teeb crochet knitted tiab tau txais. Cov qauv qauv ntawm cov qauv beige yog ib lub pineapple puag ncig los ntawm ob lub arches thiab ib tus petals. Kev nthuav qhia muaj nees nkaum tsib kab.
- Txoj hlua ncig lub duav.
- (3PP, 2VP, 3SN - ib nrab ntawm "slingshot" ntawm 3SN ntawm txhua sab thiab 2VP nyob nruab nrab), 1VP, 1SN, 1VP, "slingshot", VP, CH, VP, "slingshot ".
- 3rd, 4th kabknit zoo ib yam li qhov thib ob.
- Txij 5 mus rau 7 kab, knit tib yam li yav dhau los, tsuas yog tom qab "slingshot" 2ch ntxiv.
- Los ntawm 8th mus rau 10 kab, ntxiv 3ch tom qab "slingshot"
- 11-12th kab - ntxiv 4ch tom qab "slingshot".
- 13th kab:ib nrab slingshot, 4ch, ch, 3ch, 10ch - pineapple puag, 3ch, dc, 4ch, slingshot.
- 14th kab:ib nrab slingshot, 4ch, dc, 3ch, (ch, ch-8 zaug, dc), 3ch, dc, 4ch, slingshot.
- 15th kab:ib nrab slingshot, 5ch, (SP, 5ch - 8 zaug, SP), 5ch, slingshot.
Kev txuas ntxiv knitting "pineapple" tiab
Peb tseem xav txog openwork crochet.
tiab tiab:
- 16th kab:ib nrab ntawm "kiv cua" (3ch, ch, 3ch, ch, 3ch), 5ch, "pineapple" los ntawm kev sib koom tes thiab ch, 5ch, "kiv" (3ch, ch, 3ch, VP, 3CH).
- 17th kab:ib nrab ntawm "slingshot" ntawm lub voj huab cua ntawm thawj ib nrab ntawm "ntxuam" PR, "slingshot" nyob rau hauv lub voj thib 2 ntawm "ntxuam" PR, 5 loops, "pineapple", 5 loops, 2 "slingshots".
- 18th kab:ib nrab ntawm "slingshot" nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm thawj lub cim zoo sib xws ntawm PR, 5CH, "slingshot" tshaj qhov thib ob zoo sib xws ntawm PR, dua 5CH, txo cov pineapple arches txuas ntxiv, 5CH, ob "slingshots" los ntawm 5 loops ntawm lawv.
- 19th kab:ib nrab slingshot, 5 sts, 1ch, 5ch, slingshot, ces 5 sts, pineapple, 5ch, 2 slingshots nrog 2 arches nyob nruab nrab.
- 20th kab:ib nrab ntawm "slingshot", (tsib lub voj, CH - 1 zaug ntxiv, dua 5ch), slingshot", mus rau tsib loops thiab "pineapple", 5ch, 2 "slingshots" nrog peb arches nruab nrab ntawm lawv.
- 21 kab: ib nrab ntawm "slingshot", (5CH, CH - 3 zaug ntxiv, 5CH), "slingshot", 5CH, "pineapple", 5CH, 2 "slingshots" nrog plaub arches ntawm lawv.
- 22nd kab:ib nrab ntawm "slingshot", (5ch, CH - 4 zaug ntxiv, 5ch), "slingshot", 5ch, "pineapple", 5ch, 2 "slingshots" nrog tsib arches ntawm lawv.
Knitting petals "pineapple" tiab
- 23 kab:ib nrab slingshot, (5ch, dc - 5 zaug ntxiv, 5ch), slingshot, 5ch, ch, 5ch, 2 slingshots nrog rau arches nyob nruab nrab.
- Los ntawm kab 24, cais motifs yog knitted rau ntawm rosettes thiab ob petals ntawm lawv (2nd thiab 4th CH PR).
Vim ntau lub arches thiab "pineapples" tau txais daim tiab flared.
Crochet (petal knitting qauv muaj peb kab: 1) 3PP, 4CH; 2) 3PP, (VP, CH - 6 zaug); 3) 2СБН, (СБН nrog "pico", СБН - 5 zaug), СБН) cais, txhua tus tsim petals tsis txuas rau ib leeg. Tsuas yog cov ntsiab lus nyob saum tus qauv "pineapple" txuas nrog lub voj voog. Nrog cov paj zoo li no, koj tuaj yeem kho cov theem kawg ntawm cov khoom, thiab khi thawj ob lub arches zoo tib yam nrog ob chav crochets.
Thov nco ntsoov: txhawm rau xaws cov qauv ntev trapezoidal lossis flared, saib hauv cov ntawv xov xwm rau tiab (crocheted) nrog cov qauv ntawm pineapples, wedges, sirloin mesh. Hauv qhov no, koj yuav xav tau kev ntsuas ntawm lub duav, lub duav, ntev ntawm lub duav mus rau pob taws. Yog hais tias koj yuav knit ib lub tiab nrog flounces rau ib tug poj niam raws li thawj cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov me nyuam cov khoom, ces koj yuav tsum xaws ib ob sab.
Tab sis koj tuaj yeem xaws tag nrho, uas yog, rov qab mus rau thawj kab ntawm kev sib tham, los ntawm sab hauvtsim ib daim phiaj sirloin (alternating CH thiab VP) mus rau nruab nrab ntawm lub shuttlecock, ces ua ib tug tshiab tier raws li rapport. Yog li ntawd, lub tiab yog openwork, tab sis nws tsis ci dhau.
Yooj yim crochet knitted tiab: qauv, piav qhia
Cov craftswomen pib zoo dua siv cov qauv yooj yim, ntawm no yog ob peb txoj kev xaiv.
- Ua tiab tiab. Knit nkaus (hauv puag ncig) los ntawm lub duav mus rau hauv qab nrog ib qho crochets. Txhawm rau ua kom cov khoom ci, siv cov xov paj ntau xim (muag npaj ua hauv khw lossis siv cov khoom seem ntawm cov skeins sib txawv) los yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog knitted motifs (paj, nplooj).
- Flared skirts knit with wedges. Siv cov qauv crochet ob npaug, xaws hauv qab nrog openwork nthwv dej.
- Crochet square motifs siv cov xov paj ntau xim. Txuas cov squares ua ke. Tau ib daim tiab kaj.
- Hloov "slingshots" thiab arches. Yog tias sab saum toj ntawm daim tiab pib nrog ob "slingshots", nruab nrab yog knitted los ntawm triple sawv daws yuav, thiab hauv qab ntawm daim tiab tiav nrog "slingshots" ntawm 4CH ntawm txhua sab los yog "kiv cua", ces koj tau txais tus qauv qub.
- Siv cov xov paj txawv txawv (ribbon, pigtails, lumps, pob). Txawm tias knitting nrog yooj yim stitches - tau cov khoom qub.
Tips for beginners
Rau lub caij ntuj no xaiv, xaiv cov xov tuab thiab tib lub hooks, ces txawm tias ib daim tiab crochet yuav txuas sai sai. Rau lub caij ntuj sov xaiv, paj rwb thiab ib tug nyias nuv (tus naj npawb 1, 5-3) yog haum. Qhov kev xaiv yooj yim tshaj plaws yog khi lub net sirloin, thiab xaws rau nwscais cov paj.
Lwm qhov kev xaiv yog siv cov kab txaij ua tiav ntawm cov qauv. Piv txwv li, maple nplooj, squares nrog paj. Xws li kab txaij mus ntawm kaum tsib centimeters, yog li koj tuaj yeem pib thiab ua tiav cov khoom nrog cov qauv no. Cov qauv zoo li no tuaj yeem yog kab rov tav lossis ntsug kab txaij, kab txaij.
Cov qauv zoo nkauj tso cai rau koj los tsim crochet. Skirt schemes yuav ua tau los ntawm maple nplooj, sawv cev los ntawm ib tug daj-txiv kab ntxwv-xim av ntau yam. Sab saum toj ntawm daim tiab yog knitted los ntawm tsaus yarn, thiab hauv qab yog nteg tawm nrog ci lub caij nplooj zeeg nplooj. Txij li cov motifs sewn nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm txhua lwm yam, lub tiab yog opaque (tsis txhob siv cov ntaub plaub tuab, vim hais tias cov khoom yuav voluminous thiab hnyav).
Summary of results
Tus nuv tso cai rau koj los xaws cov khoom tag nrho hauv lub voj voog, cov ntsiab lus, qhov chaw, cov npoo, cov duab kos. Yog li ntawd cov khaub ncaws tsis ci dhau, xaiv cov qauv ntom ntom. Nyob rau hauv ib lub tiab openwork, koj yuav tsum tau xaws ib lub hauv ob sab phlu los yog siv tiers. Nws yog qhov zoo dua rau cov neeg ua haujlwm tshiab pib pib ua haujlwm nrog cov menyuam yaus cov khoom lossis nrog cov qauv npaj txhij, thiab nrog rau qhov kev paub dhau los, koj tuaj yeem muab cov qauv ntawm koj tus kheej.
Pom zoo:
Knitted poj niam lub kaus mom nrog lapel knitting koob: piav qhia, qauv, qauv thiab cov lus pom zoo
Kev ua kaus mom tsis yog tsuas yog lub hom phiaj tsim nyog, tab sis kuj muaj kev lom zem heev. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab, ib tug los yog ob lub kaus mom yog txaus rau ib tug neeg, ntau knitters muaj ib tug impressive tswv yim cia, uas yuav txaus rau ib tug loj tsev neeg
Knitted blouses rau cov ntxhais: daim duab thiab piav qhia, qauv thiab qauv
Cov qauv ntawm blouses rau cov ntxhais (lawv yog knitted los yog crocheted) tau muab faib ua 2 pawg: sov lub caij ntuj no thiab lub caij ntuj sov blouses - knitted khoom, outerwear nrog ib tug fastener raws tag nrho ntev los ntawm sab saum toj mus rau hauv qab. Thiab qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khaub ncaws, tom qab uas sweaters, jumpers, cardigans, pullovers, tsho pib tshwm
Crochet daisy qauv. Crochet qauv: daim duab thiab piav qhia
Crochet daisy qauv muaj ntau haiv neeg. Daisies yuav decorate tej khaub ncaws (shawl, sab saum toj, hnav ris tsho, siv), hnab, sab hauv. Xav txog cov chav kawm master ntawm knitting tiaj tus daisies, brooches thiab paj
Crochet plaid rau cov menyuam yug tshiab: qauv. Qauv rau crochet plaid. Cov menyuam yaus openwork plaid
Ntau leej niam uas yug me nyuam pib kawm knit thiab crochet, sew. Los ntawm thawj hnub tus me nyuam nyob ib puag ncig ntawm niam lub thom khwm, kaus mom, mittens. Tab sis feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov, crocheted plaid rau cov me nyuam yug tshiab attracts nrog nws brightness thiab intricate qauv
Knit qauv nrog cov qauv. Cov qauv ntawm cov qauv thiab cov qauv rau knitting
Dab tsi ua rau cov khoom knitted irresistible? Tau kawg, cov qauv uas nws tau txais nws cov tsos. Knitting qauv niaj hnub no tus naj npawb ntawm ntau pua, thiab ua tsaug rau lub peev xwm ntawm knitters thoob plaws ntiaj teb los qhia cov kev tsim kho tshiab uas siv cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no, lawv cov lej tau nce ntxiv