Keeb kwm ntawm kev yees duab hauv Russia. Thawj cov duab thiab cov koob yees duab

2024 Tus sau: Sierra Becker | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-26 05:10

Kev xav ntes lub sijhawm ntawm lub neej uas tshwm sim rau ib tus neeg lossis lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig nws ib txwm muaj. Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm pob zeb paintings thiab fine arts. Hauv cov duab kos duab, qhov tseeb thiab nthuav dav, lub peev xwm los ntes cov khoom los ntawm lub kaum sab xis, lub teeb, xa cov xim palette, thiab cov duab ntxoov ntxoo tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj nuj nqis. Tej zaum tej hauj lwm zoo li no tau ua haujlwm ntau hli. Nws yog qhov kev ntshaw no, nrog rau lub siab xav txo cov nqi sijhawm, uas dhau los ua lub zog rau kev tsim cov duab kos duab xws li kev yees duab.

Photo Appears

Nyob rau xyoo pua 4 BC, Aristotle, tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo los ntawm Ancient Greece, pom qhov xav paub qhov tseeb: lub teeb uas pom los ntawm lub qhov me me ntawm lub qhov rais kaw rov qab cov toj roob hauv pes pom sab nraum lub qhov rais nrog cov duab ntxoov ntxoo ntawm phab ntsa.

Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Arab lub teb chaws, kab lus lub koob yees duab obscura pib hais, lus txhais tau tias "chav tsaus". Nws hloov tawm los ua ib qho cuab yeej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib lub thawv nrog lub qhov nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov uas nws tau los ua ib tug muaj peev xwm mus luam lub neej thiab toj roob hauv pes. Tom qab ntawd, lub thawv tau txhim kho los ntawm kev muab kev txav ib nrab thiablens, uas ua rau nws ua tau kom pom tseeb ntawm daim duab.

Ua tsaug rau cov yam ntxwv tshiab, cov duab tau dhau los ua qhov ci dua, thiab lub cuab yeej hu ua "lub teeb chav", uas yog, lub koob yees duab lucina. Cov thev naus laus zis yooj yim no tso cai rau peb kom paub tias Arkhangelsk zoo li cas nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Nrog lawv pab, qhov kev xav ntawm lub nroog raug tua, uas yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov tseeb.

theem kev txhim kho ntawm kev yees duab

Nyob rau xyoo 19th, Joseph Niepce tau tsim ib txoj kev yees duab, uas nws hu ua heliogravure. Kev tua los ntawm txoj kev no tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hnub ci ci thiab kav ntev txog 8 teev. Nws lub ntsiab yog raws li nram no:

• Lub phaj hlau raug coj mus, uas tau npog nrog cov kua roj vanish.

• Lub phaj tau raug ncaj qha rau lub teeb muaj zog, uas ua rau cov kua roj vanish tsis yaj. Tab sis cov txheej txheem no tsis zoo ib yam thiab nyob ntawm lub zog ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo hauv txhua ntu.

• Tom ntej no, lub phaj tau kho nrog cov kuab tshuaj.

• Tom qab tshuaj lom nrog kua qaub.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm txhua qhov kev hloov pauv, lub nyem, daim duab kos tau tshwm sim ntawm lub phaj. Cov theem tseem ceeb tom ntej hauv kev txhim kho kev yees duab yog daguerreotype. Txoj kev tau txais nws lub npe los ntawm lub npe ntawm nws tus neeg tsim khoom, Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre, uas muaj peev xwm tau txais cov duab ntawm lub phaj nyiaj kho nrog iodine vapor.

Txoj kev tom ntej yog lub calotype tsim los ntawm Henry Talbot. Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm txoj kev yog lub peev xwm los ua cov ntawv luam ntawm ib daim duab, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, tau rov ua dua ntawm daim ntawv impregnated nrog silver ntsev.

Thawj kis rau kev kos duabCov duab hauv Russia

Keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev yees duab tau tshwm sim ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo thiab ib nrab. Thiab zaj dab neeg no yog tag nrho ntawm cov xwm txheej sib txawv thiab nthuav qhov tseeb. Ua tsaug rau cov neeg uas nrhiav pom cov duab kos duab rau peb lub tebchaws, peb tuaj yeem pom Russia dhau los ntawm lub sijhawm prism raws li nws tau ntau xyoo dhau los.

Keeb kwm ntawm kev yees duab hauv Russia pib xyoo 1839. Nws yog thaum ntawd ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Academy of Sciences ntawm Russia, I. Hamel, mus rau Great Britain, qhov chaw uas nws tau paub txog lub calotype txoj kev, tau kawm nws nyob rau hauv kom meej. Tom qab ntawd nws xa cov lus piav qhia ntxaws. Yog li, thawj cov duab uas tau ua los ntawm txoj kev calotype tau txais, uas tseem khaws cia hauv Academy of Sciences hauv qhov nyiaj ntawm 12 daim. Cov duab dais kos npe ntawm tus neeg tsim khoom ntawm txoj kev, Talbot.

Tom qab ntawd, hauv Fab Kis, Hamel ntsib Daguerre, raws li nws cov kev taw qhia nws coj ob peb daim duab nrog nws txhais tes. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 1841, Academy of Sciences tau txais tsab ntawv los ntawm Hamel, uas, raws li nws, yog thawj daim duab coj los ntawm xwm. Coj hauv Paris, daim duab qhia txog poj niam daim duab.

Tom qab ntawd, kev yees duab hauv tebchaws Russia pib muaj zog, txhim kho sai. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub 19th thiab 20th centuries, kws yees duab los ntawm Russia pib koom nyob rau hauv lub thoob ntiaj teb kev yees duab exhibitions thiab salons nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus, qhov chaw uas lawv tau txais prestigious khoom plig thiab khoom plig, muaj kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov zej zog muaj feem xyuam.

Talbot Method

Keeb kwm ntawm kev yees duab hauv tebchaws Russia tau tsim ua tsaug rau cov neeg uas tau mob siab rau kev kos duab tshiab. Yog li ntawdJulius Fedorovich Fritzsche, nto moo Lavxias teb sab botanist thiab chemist. Nws yog thawj tus kws tshaj lij txoj kev Talbot, uas suav nrog kev tau txais qhov tsis zoo ntawm daim ntawv photosensitive thiab tom qab ntawd luam tawm rau ntawm daim ntawv kho nrog cov ntsev ntsev thiab txhim kho hauv tshav ntuj.

Fritzsche tau ua thawj daim duab-calotypes ntawm nplooj nplooj, tom qab ntawd nws nkag mus rau Academy ntawm Sciences hauv St. Petersburg thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1839 nrog tsab ntawv ceeb toom. Hauv nws, nws tau tshaj tawm tias nws pom txoj kev calotype haum rau kev ntes cov khoom tiaj tus. Piv txwv li, txoj kev tsim nyog rau kev thaij duab ntawm cov nroj tsuag qub nrog qhov tseeb tsim nyog rau tus kws kho tsiaj.

Kev koom tes los ntawm J. Fritzsche

Ua tsaug rau Fritzsche, keeb kwm ntawm kev yees duab hauv tebchaws Russia tau nce me ntsis ntxiv: nws tau thov hloov cov sodium hyposulfate, uas Talbot siv los tsim cov duab, nrog ammonia, uas pom tau tias kho cov calotype, txhim kho cov duab zoo. Yuliy Fedorovich kuj yog thawj zaug hauv lub tebchaws thiab yog thawj tus hauv ntiaj teb ua haujlwm tshawb fawb txog kev yees duab thiab duab kos duab.

Alexey Grekov thiab "art booth"

Keeb kwm ntawm kev yees duab hauv tebchaws Russia txuas ntxiv, thiab kev txhawb nqa ntxiv rau nws txoj kev loj hlob tau ua los ntawm Alexei Grekov. Ib tug Moscow inventor thiab engraver, nws yog thawj Lavxias teb sab tswv ntawm kev yees duab kom paub ob qho tib si calotype thiab daguerreotype. Thiab yog hais tias koj nug ib lo lus nug txog dab tsi yog thawj lub koob yees duab nyob rau hauv Russia, ces Grekov lub invention, lub "Artroom", yuav suav hais tias xws li.

Thawj lub koob yees duab, tsim los ntawm nws xyoo 1840, ua kom nws ua tauhigh-zoo, nrog zoo sharpness portrait duab, uas ntau tus kws yees duab uas sim ua kom tiav qhov no ua tsis tau. Grekov tuaj nrog lub rooj zaum nrog cov ntaub qhwv tshwj xeeb uas txhawb nqa lub taub hau ntawm tus neeg raug yees duab, tso cai rau nws kom tsis txhob nkees thaum zaum ntev thiab tuav txoj haujlwm tsis muaj zog. Thiab ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv lub rooj zaum yuav tsum tau motionless ntev: 23 feeb nyob rau hauv lub ci ci, thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug pos huab hnub - tag nrho 45.

Masters ntawm kev yees duab Grekov raug suav tias yog thawj tus kws yees duab duab hauv tebchaws Russia. Txhawm rau ua tiav cov duab portrait zoo heev, nws kuj tau pab los ntawm cov cuab yeej yees duab uas nws tau tsim, muaj lub koob yees duab ntoo uas lub teeb tsis nkag mus. Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, cov thawv tuaj yeem xaub tawm ntawm ib qho thiab rov qab mus rau lawv qhov chaw. Nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm lub thawv sab nrauv, nws txuas ib lub lens, uas yog lub lens. Lub thawv sab hauv muaj lub teeb rhiab heev. Los ntawm kev hloov qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub thawv, uas yog, txav lawv ib qho los ntawm lwm qhov los yog vice versa, nws muaj peev xwm ua tiav qhov tsim nyog sharpness ntawm daim duab.

Kev koom tes ntawm Sergey Levitsky

Tus neeg tom ntej, ua tsaug rau leej twg keeb kwm ntawm kev yees duab hauv tebchaws Russia txuas ntxiv txhim kho sai, yog Sergei Levitsky. Daguerreotypes ntawm Pyatigorsk thiab Kislovodsk, ua los ntawm nws nyob rau hauv lub Caucasus, tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab photography. Raws li ib tug kub puav pheej ntawm ib tug kos duab exhibition nyob rau hauv Paris, qhov chaw uas nws xa cov duab mus koom nyob rau hauv kev sib tw.

Sergey Levitsky yog nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm cov kws yees duab uas tawm tswv yim hloov kho kom zoo nkauj keeb kwm yav dhau los ua yeeb yaj kiab. Lawv kuj tau txiav txim siab ua retouching cov duab portrait thiab lawvkev tsis zoo los txo lossis tshem tawm kev tsis zoo, yog tias muaj.

Levitsky tawm mus rau Ltalis xyoo 1845, txiav txim siab los txhim kho qib kev paub thiab kev txawj ntse hauv thaj chaw daguerreotype. Nws coj cov duab ntawm Rome, nrog rau cov duab portrait ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam Lavxias uas nyob ntawd. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1847 nws tuaj nrog ib tug yees duab apparatus nrog folding fur, siv cov plaub ntawm lub accordion rau qhov no. Kev tsim kho tshiab tau tso cai rau lub koob yees duab los ua ntau lub xov tooj ntawm tes, uas tau cuam tshuam loj hauv kev nthuav dav ntawm kev yees duab.

Sergei Levitsky rov qab mus rau Russia ua tus kws yees duab tshaj lij, tau qhib nws tus kheej daguerreotype Rhiav "Tsev Teeb Duab" hauv St. Nrog nws, nws kuj qhib lub studio yees duab nrog ib tug nplua nuj sau ntawm kev yees duab portraits ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntxias, sau ntawv thiab pej xeem cov duab. Nws tsis tso tseg kev kawm txuj ci ntawm kev yees duab, txuas ntxiv mus kawm txog kev siv lub teeb hluav taws xob thiab nws cov kev sib txuas nrog hnub ci thiab lawv lub zog ntawm cov duab.

Russian hneev taw hauv kev yees duab

Artists, masters ntawm kev yees duab, inventors thiab cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Russia tau ua haujlwm zoo rau keeb kwm thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev yees duab. Yog li, ntawm cov neeg tsim cov koob yees duab tshiab, xws li Lavxias teb sab lub npe xws li Sreznevsky, Ezuchevsky, Karpov, Kurdyumov paub.

Txawm Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev tau koom nrog, cuam tshuam nrog cov teeb meem theoretical thiab cov tswv yim ntawm kev ua duab. Thiab ua ke nrog Sreznevsky, lawv nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub creation ntawm lub tuam tsev yees duab nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab Technical Society.

Qhov kev vam meej ntawm tus tswv ci ntsa iab ntawm Lavxias kev yees duab, uas tuaj yeem muab tso rau tib theem nrog Levitsky, Andrey Denyer, tau paub dav. Nws yog tus tsim thawj daim duab album nrog cov duab ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb nto moo, kws kho mob, cov neeg taug kev, kws sau ntawv, kws kos duab. Thiab tus kws yees duab A. Karelin tau paub thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe thiab nkag mus rau keeb kwm ntawm kev yees duab ua tus tsim ntawm hom kev yees duab txhua hnub.

Kev txhim kho kev yees duab hauv Russia

Kev txaus siab rau kev yees duab thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th tau nce tsis yog ntawm cov kws tshaj lij xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov pej xeem. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1887, "Photoographic Bulletin" tau luam tawm, ib phau ntawv xov xwm uas sau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov zaub mov txawv, tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov txheej txheem kev yees duab, thiab cov ntaub ntawv theoretical.

Tab sis ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig hauv tebchaws Russia, lub sijhawm los koom nrog kev yees duab kos duab tsuas yog muaj rau qee tus neeg tsawg, txij li yuav luag tsis muaj ib tus neeg tsim khoom ntawm lub koob yees duab muaj lub sijhawm los tsim lawv ntawm kev lag luam.

Xyoo 1919, V. I. Lenin tau tshaj tawm tsab cai ntawm kev hloov pauv kev lag luam duab hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Kawm, thiab xyoo 1929 kev tsim cov khoom siv yees duab teeb pom kev zoo tau pib, uas tom qab ntawd tau muaj rau txhua tus. Thiab twb nyob rau xyoo 1931, thawj lub koob yees duab hauv tsev "Photokor" tau tshwm sim.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm Lavxias tus tswv, cov kws yees duab, cov neeg tsim khoom hauv kev txhim kho kev yees duab yog qhov zoo thiab nyob hauv qhov chaw tsim nyog hauv ntiaj teb keeb kwm ntawm kev yees duab.