Ancient Russia: crafts, lawv hom, kev loj hlob

2024 Tus sau: Sierra Becker | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-26 05:16

Kev puas tsuaj ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm pawg neeg sib raug zoo thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kws tshaj lij hauv kev lag luam nqaim - cov no yog cov kev hloov pauv uas ua rau Ancient Russia nyob rau hauv lub yim-ninth centuries. Crafts coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov nroog, cais ib feem ntawm cov pejxeem los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm thaj av. Qhov no yog vim qhov tshwm sim ntawm thawj tus kws tshaj lij -tus tswv hauv qee hom khoom siv tes ua, uas tau koom nrog hauv pawg neeg hauv nroog - nroog.

Lub nroog yog cov chaw ua khoom siv tes ua haujlwm

Lawv tau sim tsim lub nroog hauv txoj hauv kev uas nws txoj haujlwm thaj chaw yuav tso cai rau kev lag luam ua tiav raws li qhov ua tau thiab tib lub sijhawm tiv thaiv tau zoo los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw uas ob tug dej sib tshuam, los yog nyob ib ncig ntawm ib lub toj. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tub ceev xwm kuj tau nyob hauv cov nroog. Yog li ntawd, lawv tau saib xyuas zoo. Maj mam, nrog kev txhim kho ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua, cov nroog pib tsis yog cov tub rog tiv thaiv xwb, tab sis hloov mus rau hauv cov khw muag khoom.

Nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub nroog yog Kremlin, qhov chaw uas tus huab tais nyob. Qhov no yog surrounded los ntawm ib tug fortress phab ntsa thiab surrounded los ntawm ib tug earthen rampart. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib lub qhov tob tob tau khawb ib ncig, uas tau ntim nrog dej. Tag nrho cov kev ceev faj no yog tsim nyog los tiv thaiv cov yeeb ncuab. Sab nraum ib ncig ntawm lub Kremlin tau nyobkev txiav txim ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse, lub thiaj li hu ua settlements. Lub nroog no hu ua suburb. Hauv ntau qhov chaw nyob, qhov no kuj tau nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm phab ntsa tiv thaiv.

Lub neej nyob rau hauv lub nroog yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho viav vias, artisans tsim lawv cov khoom, cov khoom siv tes ua thiab kev lag luam ntawm Ancient Russia tau nquag txhim kho. Los ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum ob, muaj ntau tshaj rau caum crafts tshwj xeeb. Cov kws ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim cov khaub ncaws, tais diav, cov cuab yeej uas niaj hnub Russia xav tau. Cov khoom siv tes ua ntawm Ancient Russia tau tsim sai thiab nrawm. Cov kws tshaj lij ntawm ntau qhov chaw nyob thiab ua haujlwm hauv cov chaw nyob: tus tswv ntawm kev ua haujlwm hlau, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, cov tais diav, cov khau, tailors, weavers, pob zeb cutters, thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm yam khoom siv tes ua. Kev khwv nyiaj txiag thiab lub zog ntawm lub xeev Lavxias thaum ub, nws cov khoom siv siab thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm sab ntsuj plig tau tsim los ntawm txhais tes ntawm cov craftsmen.

Tsis muaj hlau - tsis nyob qhov twg

Blacksmiths yog cov pioneers. Lawv txoj kev lag luam tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cov khoom siv tes ua ntawm Ancient Russia ntawm 9th-12th centuries tau muab faib. Cov hauj lwm no tau hais nyob rau hauv pej xeem epics thiab lus dab neeg: epics, legends thiab fairy tales, qhov twg cov kws ua hlau yog ib txwm ua qauv ntawm lub zog, siab tawv thiab siab zoo. Nyob rau hauv cov hnub, hlau tau los ntawm smelting los ntawm swamp ore. Lawv mined nws nyob rau hauv lub off-season, qhuav nws thiab ces xa mus rau lub rhiav, qhov chaw uas lawv melted nws nrog kev pab los ntawm tshwj xeeb furnaces. Qhov no yog li cas cov hlau tau ua. Niaj hnub archaeologists thaum lub sij hawm excavations ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab lub zos feem ntau pom slags, uas yog pov tseg los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm melting hlau, thiab vigorously forged pieces ntawm hlau masses. Pom taucov seem ntawm cov kws ua haujlwm hlau tau khaws cia qhov chaw ntawm qhov cub thiab qhov cub, nyob ze cov kws txawj ua haujlwm ib zaug.

Yuav muaj kev lag luam rau tus kws ntaus hlau: khoom rau tub rog thiab ua liaj ua teb

Nrog rau kev tsim cov hlau, kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm kev lag luam pib, uas lub teb chaws uas nyob hauv kev ua liaj ua teb tsis tau paub ua ntej. Cov crafts ntawm Ancient Russia, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog blacksmithing, muaj ib tug pronounced tswv yim orientation. Cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov kws ua hlau yog xav tau los ntawm txhua tus. Lawv xav tau los ntawm cov tub rog uas xaj riam phom - xub xub, sib ntaus sib tua axes, sabers, hmuv, ntaj - thiab khaub ncaws tiv thaiv - saw xa ntawv thiab kaus mom hlau. Kev tsim riam phom hauv Ancient Russia tau mus txog qib tshwj xeeb ntawm kev txawj ntse, uas tuaj yeem hu ua kos duab tiag tiag. Cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb tau pom nyob rau hauv faus thiab necropolises hauv Kyiv, Chernigov thiab lwm lub nroog.

Cov cuab yeej forged yog xav tau los ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb: tsis muaj hlau scythes, kab mob, coulters, plowshares nws tsis tuaj yeem xav txog kev cog qoob loo ntawm av. Txhua tsev neeg xav tau koob, riam, saws, xauv, yuam sij thiab lwm yam khoom siv hauv tsev ua los ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse. Pom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev faus neeg ntawm blacksmiths qhia tau hais tias txawm lawv cov cuab yeej ua hauj lwm raug xa mus rau lub graves nrog rau blacksmiths - rauj thiab anvils, chisels thiab tongs.

Historians ntseeg tias ntau dua 150 hom khoom hlau tau paub nyob rau xyoo pua kaum ib los ntawm Ancient Russia. Cov khoom siv tes ua ntawm Ancient Russia tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho kev lag luam ntawm kev sib haum xeeb.

jewelry Mastery

Cov kws txiav plaub hau qee zaum koom nrog me meua hauj lwm, tsim me me masterpieces - hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Maj mam, goldsmithing tau dhau los ua kev lag luam cais. Qhov no yog li cas cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub khoom siv tes ua nyob rau hauv Ancient Russia. Lavxias teb sab craftsmen mastered cov txheej txheem ntawm ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub kom zoo hais tias ib tug yuav tsuas xav paub yuav ua li cas lawv tswj ua nws. Cov khoom txawj ntse uas tau muaj sia nyob rau peb lub sijhawm - bronze amulets, pendants, buckles, tsej thiab necklaces - xav tsis thoob nrog kev ua haujlwm zoo. Cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub tau tsim los siv cov txheej txheem granulation, thaum lub sij hawm ib tug qauv yog soldered tshaj lawv, lub hauv paus ntawm uas yog ib tug ntau ntawm cov hlau pob. Lwm txoj hauv kev ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub yog filigree. Cov txheej txheem no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov duab kos tau tsim nrog cov hlau nyias, uas tau soldered mus rau ib qho hlau nto, qhov tshwm sim qhov khoob tau ntim nrog cov xim sib txawv. Jewellers kuj paub txog daim duab casting, nrog rau cov txheej txheem niello, uas yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb kos duab, thaum ib tug qauv ntawm cov nyiaj plates tau muab tso rau ib tug dub keeb kwm yav dhau. Cov khoom zoo nkauj nrog kub thiab nyiaj inlays ntawm hlau thiab tooj liab tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no. Xws li cov txheej txheem nyuaj ua pov thawj rau qib siab mus txog los ntawm kev tsim cov khoom siv tes ua hauv Ancient Russia. Yog li, ob txhais tes ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab artisans tsim cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub zoo heev uas siv cov txheej txheem ntawm cloisonné enamel. Nws yog ib hom khoom ntawm Lavxias teb sab goldsmith khoom siv tes ua. Cov txuj ci ntawm Lavxias teb sab jewelers yog ib tug complex txheej txheem, thiab lawv cov hauj lwm tau muab faib thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm muaj nuj nqis heev thiab nyob rau hauv zoo thov nyob txhua qhov chaw.

Ob qho tib si cib thiab tais diav tau sculptednyob txhua qhov chaw

Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm Ancient Russia tau tshwm sim los ua kev lag luam ywj pheej me ntsis tom qab kev lag luam hlau. Lub lauj kaub lub log tau tshwm sim nrog peb cov poj koob yawm txwv nyob rau xyoo pua kaum ib. Qhov no tau tso cai rau cov neeg siv khoom qub los tsim cov khoom zoo nkauj. Cov cuab yeej ntawm lub tshuab yog yooj yim, nws tig nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug ko taw tsav, tab sis cov tais diav uas lub potters ntawm lub sij hawm tswj los tsim yog striking nyob rau hauv lawv craftsmanship thiab ntau yam ntaub ntawv. Thaum pib, kev tsim cov tais diav yog cov poj niam ua lag luam. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau phau ntawv sau ntawm Kievan Rus muaj cov ntaub ntawv tsuas yog rau txiv neej potters.

Lawv siv av nplaum rau lawv cov khoom, uas tau ua tiav tshwj xeeb, moistened nrog dej thiab nquag kneaded. Ntawm tag nrho cov lauj kaub tais diav, qhov xav tau loj tshaj plaws yog cov lauj kaub thiab lwm cov hlab ntsha, uas tau ua los ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv thiab siv rau ntau lub hom phiaj, lawv tuaj yeem nchuav dej los yog khaws khoom noj, berries. Cov lauj kaub tau muab tso rau hauv qhov cub thiab cov zaub mov siav. Cov zaub mov no tseem muaj sia nyob mus txog hnub no.

Yuav ua li cas cov neeg Lavxias thaum ub muaj npe nrov rau?

Piav txog cov khoom siv tes ua ntawm Ancient Russia nyob rau hauv lub 9th-12th centuries, peb luv luv nco ntsoov hais tias cov Lavxias teb sab Slavs ntawm lub pre-Christian lub sij hawm paub yuav ua li cas ua chasing, tsim ceramics, mastered kos duab ntawm zoo paj ntaub, thiab nto moo. rau lawv kev paub ntawm enamels. Cov hauj lwm ntawm Kyiv artists tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no. Cov no yog cov piv txwv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov pob txha carving, blackening, hlau engraving. Cov qub Lavxias teb sab masters ntawm glassmaking thiab lawv cov vuas tau nto moo thoob plaws ntiaj teb.

Ancient Russia tau paub ntau yam khoom siv tes ua, tab sis qhov kev txawj ntse tshaj plaws yog kev ua ntoo. Los ntawm cov khoom nocov vaj tse, vaj tse, rooj vag thiab txuas hniav, fortresses thiab phab ntsa tau ua. Tej nkoj nquam yog ntoo, tag nrho cov khoom siv hauv tsev tau dav dav dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov ntoo carvings. Nws tsis pub leejtwg paub tias qhov khoom plig tseem ceeb, tus neeg ua yeeb yam hauv Ancient Russia, yog tus menyuam roj hmab zes - ib qho xim pleev xim rau ntoo menyuam roj hmab nrog qhov khoob hauv. Los ntawm nws, ib qho tom qab, tib qhov kev zoo nkauj tau txais, thiab txhua qhov me me dua li yav dhau los.

Art painting

Kho kom zoo nkauj thiab siv cov khoom siv tes ua ntawm Ancient Russia tau nto moo tshaj nws cov ciam teb. Txij li thaum ancient sij hawm, peb cov poj koob yawm txwv tau qhuas tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no nrog lawv cov duab kos duab kos duab. Ntau yam qauv motifs nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab ornamentation coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm txawv tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov lus qhia ntawm no pej xeem khoom siv tes ua. Txhua tus muaj lawv cov xim thiab kab.

Gzhel

Ci ntsa iab xiav-xiav pleev xim nrog cob alt rau ntawm keeb kwm dawb ntawm cov plooj (porcelain) hu ua Gzhel, uas yog los ntawm lub npe ntawm lub nroog ze Moscow, qhov twg qhov kev taw qhia no tau tshwm sim. Nws yog thawj zaug hais nyob rau hauv charter ntawm Ivan Kalita. Thaum xub thawj, craftsmen ua cov tais diav thiab cov khoom ua si, tom qab ntawd, nrog rau kev loj hlob ntawm ntau lawm, qhov ntau tau nthuav dav. Cov nplais qhov cub tau nrov tshwj xeeb. Gzhel ceramics tau dhau los ua neeg nyiam thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Lwm cov duab ntawm peb cov poj koob yawm txwv kuj tau txais cov npe los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lawv tsim thiab faib.

Zoo xim rau tom qab tsaus ntuj

Zhostovo painting yog ib qho khoom siv tes ua nyob rau hauv Ancient Russia, uas tuaj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua kaum yim los ntawm ib lub zos nrog tib lub npe nyob ze Moscow. Yogroj pleev xim rau ntawm cov tais hlau. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim kom paub txog nws los ntawm cov paj uas muaj yeeb yuj, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, cov noog, nyob ntawm qhov tsaus ntuj. Cov qauv siv tom qab ntawd them nrog cov kua roj vanish tshwj xeeb, uas yog vim li cas lawv muaj qhov ci zoo li no. Cov txheej txheem ntawm daim duab no yog qhov nyuaj, cov duab yog tsim nyob rau hauv ob peb theem.

Cov ntxoov ntxoo zoo siab heev yog qhov txaus siab rau lub qhov muag, yog li cov tais tau nrov heev hauv tebchaws Russia thiab tseem yog cov khoom zoo nkauj hauv ntau lub tsev thiab tsev.

Palekh

Palekh me me tuaj ntawm qhov chaw nruab nrab hauv cheeb tsam Ivanovo. Hom khoom siv tes ua no yog pleev xim rau ntawm lacquerware. Painted hla lub keeb kwm yav dhau dub, muaj yeeb yuj lus dab neeg, txhua hnub, kev cai dab qhuas scenes adorn caskets, caskets thiab lwm yam. Nws ntseeg tau tias Palekh lacquer me me tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua kaum tsib, thaum lub sij hawm ancient Russia tau txawv los ntawm kev vam meej ntawm lub nroog thiab kev lag luam. Crafts originated nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Piv txwv li, xws li ib tug kev taw qhia ntawm ib tug ancient khoom siv tes ua li Palekh me me yog tsim los ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab icon paintings. Cov kws ua yeeb yam txawj ntse nyob hauv Palekh, uas tau txais kev caw los ntawm txhua cheeb tsam Lavxias los pleev xim rau hauv cov tuam tsev thiab cov tsev teev ntuj. Nws yog lawv cov uas pib pleev xim rau lub hleb nrog txhua yam zoo heev thiab keeb kwm thaj av. Tag nrho cov duab tau siv nrog cov xim ci ntsa iab dhau ntawm keeb kwm dub.

Lub tshuab ntawm hom khoom siv tes ua no nyuaj heev, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov khoom me me yog siv sijhawm thiab ntau theem. Nws yuav siv sij hawm ntev los kawm thiab paub nws, tab sis vim li ntawd, lub thawv tsaus nti zoo tib yam hloov mus ua ib qho tshwj xeeb.kev zoo nkauj ntawm yam.

Khokhloma

Lwm hom kev pleev xim rau ntawm ntoo yog Khokhloma, uas tau tshwm sim ntau tshaj peb puas xyoo dhau los. Cov tais diav thiab cov khoom siv hauv tsev pleev xim nrog cov xim liab liab liab nyiam nyiam nrog lawv qhov tshwj xeeb. Cov qauv uas tsim rau hauv cov khoom zoo nkauj zoo nkauj zoo nkauj rau lub qhov muag txawm niaj hnub no. Muaj ib qho zais cia hauv kev tsim cov khoom Khokhloma, uas nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias lawv yog varnished ob peb zaug, tom qab uas lawv yog tempered nyob rau hauv ib lub qhov cub. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tua hluav taws, cov txheej txheej tig daj, thiab cov khoom ua los ntawm cov ntoo zoo li gilded precious cov tais diav. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tais diav raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem ua tau ntev. Nws txheej tso cai rau koj siv Khokhloma khob, tais, diav rau lawv lub hom phiaj - khaws cia zaub mov, noj.

duab suav

Lubok yog lwm hom kev kos duab pej xeem sawv cev rau cov khoom siv tes ua ntawm Ancient Russia. Txoj haujlwm no yog kev tsim cov kev xav rau ntawm daim ntawv siv ntoo cliché. Cov duab pej xeem zoo li no tau tshwm sim hauv kev lag luam ncaj ncees thaum ntxov li xyoo pua 17th thiab mus txog rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum yog qhov loj tshaj plaws thiab nrov tshaj plaws ntawm Lavxias teb sab kos duab zoo nkauj. Cov phiaj xwm nthuav tawm los ntawm lubok yog ntau haiv neeg: cov ntsiab lus kev ntseeg thiab kev coj ncaj ncees, pej xeem epics thiab fairy tales, keeb kwm thiab kev kho mob cov ntaub ntawv, uas yeej ib txwm nrog los ntawm ib tug me me ntawv nyeem uas yuav qhia los yog humorous thiab qhia txog kev lis kev cai thiab lub neej ntawm lawv lub sij hawm. nrog rau kev txawj ntse nyob hauv tib neeg.

Crafts ntawm Ancient Russia, 18th caug xyoo:Russian samovar

Peb muaj cai txaus siab rau peb cov kws ua haujlwm Lavxias. Niaj hnub no, lawv txoj haujlwm tuaj yeem pom tsis yog hauv tsev cia puav pheej, tab sis kuj nyob hauv peb lub tsev. Qee hom khoom siv tes ua hauv Ancient Russia tau nrov tshwj xeeb. Piv txwv li, thoob plaws hauv peb lub teb chaws los txog niaj hnub no muaj Tula samovar. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua kaum yim, muaj ntau tshaj li ob puas hom khoom ntawm cov khoom no. Niaj hnub no, nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Tula, muaj txawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm samovars.

Leej twg yog thawj tus tswv uas Ancient Russia muaj npe nrov? Crafts, hmoov tsis, tsis khaws cov npe ntawm lawv cov creators. Tab sis tej yam uas tau nqis los rau peb los ntawm qhov tob ntawm ntau pua xyoo hais rau peb. Ntawm lawv muaj cov khoom tsis tshua muaj tshwj xeeb thiab cov khoom siv hauv tsev, tab sis nyob rau hauv txhua yam khoom muaj peev xwm hnov txog kev txawj ntse thiab kev paub ntawm ib tug qub Lavxias teb sab craftsman.