Kev ua cov tawv nqaij zoo nkauj: keeb kwm, txheej txheem thiab nta

2024 Tus sau: Sierra Becker | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-26 05:10

Tawv yog cov khoom siv ntuj tsim, ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg uas hloov pauv hauv kev ua haujlwm. Nws yog mos, qab ntxiag rau kov, ruaj. Ua haujlwm nrog nws tso cai rau koj los qhia koj txoj kev muaj tswv yim thiab tsim cov khoom tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov khoom tsis tsim nyog, qub. Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm, peb yuav xav txog dab tsi artistic tawv ua yog.

Cov khoom siv

Ntau yam hauv qab no muaj:

1. tawv tiag tiag yog tsim los ntawm kev ua cov tawv nqaij ntawm tus tsiaj, nws muaj cov qauv fibrous.
2. Faux tawv yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv polymer.
3. Velor yog ib qho ntawm ntau yam ntawm chrome tawv nrog kev puas tsuaj rau sab nrauv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws tau ntim rau hauv suede ntawm sab tsis ncaj ncees lawm.
4. Laika yog tawv nrog tus yam ntxwv ductility thiab softness. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov tawv nyuj me, yaj thiab tshis.
5. Suede - tawv ua los ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm elk, mos lwj los yog tshis qus nrog rog tanning. Features ib velvetynto thiab softness, nyob rau sab pem hauv ntej muaj ib tug luv luv velvety pawg.
6. Opoek - tawv tawv heev elastic. Ua los ntawm cov tawv nqaij ntawm cov menyuam mos liab.
7. Kev loj hlob yog daim tawv nqaij ntawm tus tsiaj hluas. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis yog elastic li tus nyuj, vim tus tsiaj tsis pub mis ntxiv lawm, tab sis ntawm cov zaub mov cog.
8. Saffiano - ua los ntawm cov tawv nqaij tshis hlawv me ntsis. Nws yog mos thiab nyias, nws los ntawm cov xim sib txawv.
9. Chevret - ntom thiab tib lub sijhawm elastic tawv. Ua los ntawm chrome tanning los ntawm yaj tawv. Nws thickness ranges ntawm 0.6 mus rau 1.2 hli.
10. Chevro yog tawv tawv thiab mos ua los ntawm cov tawv tshis nrog chrome tanning. Nws muaj cov qauv txawv txawv thiab muaj qhov tuab ntawm 0.4 txog 1 hli.
11. Cov tawv nqaij tawv nqaij - cov qauv tshwj xeeb, zoo thiab tus nqi siab.

Ntxhais yog dab tsi?

Nov yog ib yam khoom uas yog ib qho ua ntej ua tiav los ntawm tib neeg. Lawm, nws yog Ameslikas siv rau domestic hom phiaj. Tom qab ntawd, cov tswv yim zoo nkauj ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj tau tshwm sim, xws li engraving thiab appliqué. Txawm tias tom qab kev tshawb pom ntawm kev xaws, tawv tseem yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev siv hlua, hnab, armor thiab khau.

Muaj peb theem tseem ceeb ntawm kev hnav khaub ncaws. Tom qab kev npaj ua haujlwm - tawv nqaij thiab ntxuav, daim tawv nqaij ua ib qho khoom siv tsis tiav, hu ua zais. Nws muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb, nyob ntawm seb hom tawv nqaij twg. Tom qab ntawd, cov qauv ntawm cov khoom siv raw yog kho los ntawm tanning. Cov txheej txheem tiav yog ua los muabliab qab lub cev, thev naus laus zis thiab lwm yam khoom, nrog rau qhov xav tau zoo li.

Lub tshuab ua tawv tawv hauv ntau haiv neeg muaj nws tus yam ntxwv. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm tanning yog los tiv thaiv lub zais ntawm kev lwj thiab lwj. Hom kev ua qub tshaj plaws yog aldehyde tanning. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv kom cov tawv nqaij nyob rau hauv cov pa luam yeeb los ntawm hlawv cov nroj tsuag. Cov nomads smeared nws nrog tsiaj rog, thiab Indians rubbed ib tug sib tov ntawm rog thiab qe. Tom qab ntawd, cov khoom raug ntxuav nrog dej thiab kneaded nrog rounded pob zeb. Nws yog ib txoj kev rog tanning.

Nyob rau hauv cov neeg sab qaum teb thiab hauv Is Nrias teb, cov txheej txheem no tau ua nrog kev pab ntawm tshuaj ntsuab thiab zaub decoctions. Txoj kev no hu ua zaub tanning. Hauv cov tebchaws Esxias, siv hom sib txawv. Alum tanning tau ua tiav los ntawm kev sib xyaw hmoov, ntsev, qe qe thiab txhuas alum, thiab tom qab ntawd cov tawv nqaij tau kho nrog cov txiaj ntsig tshwm sim.

Ntiaj teb qhov tseeb

keeb kwm ntawm kev ua cov tawv nqaij zoo nkauj hnub rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm qub.

Cov neeg thaum ub siv cov tawv tsiaj los tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej los ntawm huab cua phem. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm noo noo thiab kub, lawv tsis kav ntev. Yog li ntawd, tsuas yog ob peb yam khoom ua los ntawm cov khoom siv no tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no. Sij hawm dhau mus, tib neeg pib ua cov tawv nqaij, txuas nws lub neej. Thaum lub sij hawm excavations ntawm Egyptian tombs, pob zeb paintings ntawm lub xyoo pua 5 BC tau pom. e., uas qhia txog kev hnav khaub ncaws.

Craftsmen ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd pib ua tais diav, hnab, khau, khaub ncaws los ntawm tawv. Cov tawv nqaij ncab hla lub thav duab ua haujlwm raws li kev taw qhia. Nomads tau tsim lub tsev raws li txoj cai zoo sib xws, thiab cov ntaub thaiv npog tau ua los ntawm tawv rau cov tub rog. Tom qab ntawd, cov neeg txawj ntse pib txhim kho lawv cov kev txawj ntse thiab muaj tswv yim zoo rau kev ua cov khoom siv. Nyob rau hauv lub qhov ntxa ntawm Tutankhamun, cov khaub ncaws embroidered nrog kub, cov khoom hauv tsev dai kom zoo nkauj nrog tawv appliqués, thiab lwm yam.

Romans nyob rau xyoo pua 1 BC e. pib siv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua cov tawv nqaij, uas tso cai rau nws siv los ua parchment. Lawv fastened cov nplooj ntawv, tsim ib co zoo li ib phau ntawv. Tom qab ntawd, bookbinding tau tsim. Txij li thaum xyoo pua 10th, cov npog tau zoo nkauj zoo nkauj nrog kos duab embossing, stamps thiab engravings. Tag nrho cov khi tau them nrog ornaments. Nws piav txog cov duab geometric yooj yim tshaj plaws, tsiaj txhu, nroj tsuag thiab ntau dua.

Nrog kev vam meej ntawm Gothic style, cov txheej txheem engraving tau dav. Nws txawv nyob rau hauv complexity thiab tsuas yog nqa tawm los ntawm tsim nyog craftsmen. Txog rau hnub no, cov khoom muaj sia nyob ntawm lub sijhawm Gothic yog suav tias yog cov txuj ci txuj ci thiab tau khaws cia hauv cov tsev khaws puav pheej zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.

Nyob rau hauv lub Renaissance, xws li ib tug txheej txheem ntawm artistic tawv ua (duab yuav pom nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm) li exquisite embossing ua nrov. Cov duab nyem ntawm cov cim mythological yog rov ua dua ntawm cov khoom. Baroque style coj wallpaper ua los ntawm tawv rau hauv kev zam. Ua ntej lawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv North Africa, tom qab ntawd hauv Spain, thiab nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th lawv tau siv dav hauv Tebchaws Europe. Nrog lub advent ntawm classicism, tsis muaj tshiab tiam sis nyob rau hauv tawv finishing tshwm sim, txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, tawm tsam lub backdrop ntawm lub nrov ntawm modernity, engraving, intarsia thiab.gilding.

Thaum khawb hauv Altai, cov khoom tawv tawv hnub tim 5-1 xyoo pua BC kuj pom. e., xws li cov hlua khi, cov hlab ntsha, lub thawv. Kev lag luam tanning ntawm Slavs tau tsim zoo heev, tab sis qee qhov me me tau muaj sia nyob rau peb lub sijhawm. Feem ntau yog khau thiab lwm yam khoom siv hauv tsev.

qhov tiav yog dab tsi

Cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm tawv tsis muaj dab tsi tshwj xeeb. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog cov khoom siv hauv tsev.

Cov npe khoom siv yog raws li hauv qab no:

1. Txiav riam rau ua haujlwm nrog tawv tawv.
2. Punching riam.
3. Nqaij engraving riam.
4. Tau qhov txiab.
5. Ntoo tuab board lossis iav rau txiav tawv.
6. txiab nrog zigzag hniav.
7. Round punches, xav tau rau xuas nrig ntaus qhov rau fittings lossis braiding.
8. manicure txiab.
9. Punches nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 30-40 mm rau ua cov nyees khawm, tawv qhwv ntsej thiab lwm yam khoom siv thiab cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub.
10. Stamps. Lawv yog ib tug pas nrig, nyob rau hauv qhov kawg ntawm qhov yooj yim relief qauv yog carved. Siv rau qhov chaw kho kom zoo nkauj.
11. Ntxhis punches. Lawv yog siv rau xuas nrig ntaus lub qhov nyob rau hauv uas cov hlua yog threaded thaum ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem perforation.
12. Curly punches rau perforation ntawm ntau yam duab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub hnub qub, lub plawv, thiab lwm yam.

Leather processing steps

Ua haujlwm ntawm ib qho khoom siv ua peb kauj ruam. Sequenceyog:

1. Npaj cov duab, xim, ua tiav thiab sib koom ntawm cov khoom.
2. Kev ua qauv. Cov tawv nqaij raug txiav raws li tus qauv. Yog tias tsim nyog, lawv kuj npaj cov khoom dai kom zoo nkauj.
3. Txoj kev sib txuas.
4. Tau cov khoom tiav.

Tom ntej, xav txog cov txheej txheem thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua cov khoom ua los ntawm cov tawv tiag.

Tanning

Qhov no yog cov txheej txheem ua tawv tawv uas suav nrog kev siv ntau yam khoom los muab cov khoom siv zog, elasticity thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm. Ua ntej yuav mus rau tanning, cov tawv nqaij yog rubbed nrog ib tug concentrated ntsev tov, soaked nyob rau hauv dej thiab txiv qaub mortar rau ob peb hnub. Tom qab ntawd cov nqaij-rog thiab cov plaub hau txheej uas seem ntawm daim tawv nqaij raug tshem tawm. Cov khoom siv rov kho dua qub kom zoo dua ductility thiab lub zog.

Muaj ntau hom kev ua haujlwm no. Hauv kev lag luam, ntau txoj hauv kev ntawm embossing yog siv los ntawm extruding tus qauv siv pwm. Hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv kho kom zoo nkauj, nws tau ua nrog cov ntawv tshwj xeeb thiab cov ntawv nyiaj.

Lwm txoj kev ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov tawv nqaij (cov duab tau nthuav tawm hauv tsab xov xwm) - embossing nrog filling - yog ua raws li hauv qab no. Cov ntsiab lus nyem raug txiav tawm ntawm lub hauv paus tuab thiab muab tso rau hauv cov khoom siv moistened. Tom qab ntawd nws yog embossed raws lub contour. Cov ntsiab lus me me yog nyem tawm yam tsis muaj hauv ob sab phlu, qhov nyem tau tiav hauvdaim tawv nqaij thickness suav. Raws li nws qhuav, nws hardens thiab khaws nws txoj kev pab.

Thermal embossing yog ua los ntawm extruding qhov chaw nrog rhuab hlau stamps.

Nov yog ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem tawv tawv tshaj plaws.

Perforation muaj nyob rau hauv tej qhov nrog xuas nrig ntaus ntawm cov duab sib txawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug qauv. Cov txheej txheem no yog siv los ua cov txheej txheem openwork, piv txwv li, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, panels lossis decorating khaub ncaws.

Tawv qaum weaving feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov bracelets, siv, laces. Hnab, khaub ncaws thiab khau ua tiav raws li qhov no.

Pyrography

Cov txheej txheem no paub ntau dua li hlawv tawm. Nyob rau hauv cov tsoos version, pyrography muaj nyob rau hauv kev siv ntau yam qauv rau saum npoo ntawm ntom hom tawv. Qhov no tau ua tiav nrog cov nyiaj tooj liab rhuab mus rau qhov kub thiab txias.

Cov duab tiav ncaj qha nyob ntawm kev txawj ntawm tus kws kos duab, yog li kev kawm yuav ua li cas cov tawv nqaij hauv cov txheej txheem no yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Lub peev xwm ntawm cov cuab yeej hluav taws kub kuj ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Lub pyrograph tso cai rau koj siv cov qauv nyias thiab nyuaj heev rau cov khoom. Feem ntau qhov zoo li no tau ua ke nrog lwm cov tswv yim: engraving, embossing thiab painting.

hom kev kos duab ntawm cov tawv nqaij no tsuas yog ua rau cov khoom siv ntom ntom, xws li eeb, yuft, shora.

Kev kos yog ua tiav raws li hauv qab no. Ib tug qauv yog siv rau pem hauv ntej nto ntawm daim tawv nqaij wetted nrog ib tug cutter. Tom qab ntawd, hlaucov khoom nthuav tawm cov qhov thiab sau nrog cov xim. Lwm txoj kev engraving yog siv cov pyrograph. Cov qauv kawg, nws cov xim thiab thickness feem ntau yog nyob ntawm qhov degree ntawm incandescence ntawm rab koob ntawm lub cuab yeej.

Appliqué ntawm cov khaub ncaws yog ua los ntawm xaws cov khoom siv los ntawm cov tawv nyias mus rau hauv paus. Txhawm rau tsim cov khoom plig, cov vaj huam sib luag thiab lwm yam khoom siv sab hauv, cov khoom tuaj yeem ua los ntawm txhua yam khoom siv thiab ua rau lub hauv paus.

Intarsia

Cov txheej txheem no yog ib qho qub tshaj plaws ntawm txhua qhov teev. Nws zoo li mosaic lossis inlay. Cov tawv nqaij yog dyed thiab cov ntsiab lus raug txiav tawm raws li cov qauv. Tom qab ntawd lawv yog glued rau ib tug textile los yog ntoo puag nrog pob txha kua nplaum los yog PVA. Intarsia yog siv los tsim panels, hniav nyiaj hniav kub, souvenirs, decorating rooj tog.

Batic, toning, tswm ciab ua, roasting

Cia peb saib qee qhov kev nthuav dav ntxiv kom tiav:

1. Cov txheej txheem uas cov khoom siv tau siv rau saum npoo ntawm cov tawv nqaij nrog cov khoom siv roj hmab yog hu ua batik. Tom qab txheej txheej, xim kos duab yog tsim, thaum cov chaw nrog cov quav ciab khaws lawv qhov tsis pom kev. Tom qab tha xim tiav lawm, cov quav ciab raug tshem tawm nrog cov khoom tsis meej.
2. Tinting yog ua tiav nrog lub qhov cub. Ua ntej, daim duab kos yog siv rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij, thiab tom qab ntawd cov kab ornament yog kos nrog rab koob. Nyob ntawm qhov cua sov ntawm rab koob thiab lub zog ntawm kev nias, ib qho duab ntawm cov duab sib txawv tseem nyob ntawm lub hauv paus.
3. Ib txoj hauv kev yooj yim thiab txawv txawv yog ua cov khoom ntawm lub tswm ciab. Cov ntsiab lus raug txiav raws li tus qauvtawv nqaij. Me me incisions yog ua nyob rau sab pem hauv ntej nrog ib tug ntse khoom thiab maj mam hu nkauj tshaj nplaim taws tswm ciab. Txoj kev no yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev simulating cov leeg ntawm nplooj ntawm cov nroj tsuag, paj petals. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no nws yog ib qho yooj yim rau txheej txheem cords rau braiding.
4. Roasting yog lwm txoj kev thermal ntawm kev ua tawv tawv. Qhov tsis ncaj ncees lawm sab ntawm cov khoom yog muab tso rau hauv ib lub lauj kaub kub ntawm qhov xav tau kub. Tsis ntev, ib lub voj voog ua rau ntawm qhov chaw, muab cov khoom zoo ib yam. Roasting feem ntau yog siv los ua cov khoom loj.

Drapery

Txoj kev no yog txoj kev yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab zoo nkauj tshaj plaws los kho tawv nqaij. Rau cov txheej txheem no, raws li txoj cai, cov khoom muag muag raug xaiv. Cov tawv nqaij yog abundantly smeared nrog kua nplaum thiab txuas mus rau lub hauv paus. Tsis tas tos kom qhuav, folds yog tsim nyob rau hauv txoj cai, raws li daim duab kos duab. Yog hais tias lub drapery yog tsim los ntawm cov tawv siv, nws yog pre-ntxuav thiab dyed yog tsim nyog.