Kev yees duab thiab xinesmas: hnub tim. Luv keeb kwm ntawm Invention of Photography

2024 Tus sau: Sierra Becker | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-26 05:15

Zoo li kev pleev xim, keeb kwm ntawm kev yees duab thiab xinesmas pib nrog tib neeg lub siab xav ntes lub sijhawm ntawm ib tus neeg lub neej, khaws cia rau lub sijhawm ntev thiab dhau mus rau lwm tiam neeg. Tau txais lub peev xwm los tsim cov duab ntawm daim ntawv lossis zaj duab xis, ob qho kev qhia no tau tsim hauv kev kos duab. Cov kws yees duab, piv txwv li, tsis txwv lawv tus kheej rau txoj haujlwm ntawm kev tsim cov duab uas tsuas yog xa cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov zoo li tus qauv. Kev yees duab pib tau txais qee cov lus, ib lub tswv yim, qhia tus cwj pwm ntawm tus qauv, lub siab xav ntawm lub sijhawm. Nws zoo ib yam nyob rau hauv xinesmas: pib nrog animation kav ntev li ob peb feeb, cov kev taw qhia tau tsim sai heev, thiab hnub no xinesmas muaj peev xwm loj, mus txog rau plotting txog extraterrestrial civilizations thiab tej yam yees siv ntiaj teb no. Lub invention ntawm kev yees duab thiab xinesmas cim ib tug series ntawm discoveries thiab amazing tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no kos duab, txawm li cas los xij, ntxiv rau qhov no, kev yees duab thiab yees duab tau nkag mus rau hauv lub neej ntawm cov txiv neej niaj hnub no. Niaj hnub no, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev noj thiab ua cov duab, tua thiab ua cov yeeb yaj kiab rau kev siv txhua hnub tau dhau los ua qhov yooj yim uas lawv tsis tas yuav muaj kev cob qhia tshwj xeeb thiab tsis siv sijhawm ntev. Zaj dab neeg pib qhov twglub invention ntawm photography? xinesmas txhim kho li cas?

Nyob zoo thawj cov duab thaij duab

Yuav ua li cas kom tau txais cov duab meej thiab ruaj khov ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig peb? Lo lus nug no tau nug los ntawm lub siab zoo ntawm ntau pua xyoo dhau los. Ib qho kev vam meej yog qhov pom ntawm lub koob yees duab obscura, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm kom tau txais qhov tseeb ncaj ncees sawv cev ntawm cov khoom ntawm lub ntiaj teb sab nraud, los ntawm qhov kev tsim ntawm kev yees duab pib. Hnub, lub xyoo pua ntawm thawj zaug sim mus ntes ib tug neeg, ua ib qho instant zaub ntawm nws nyob rau hauv daim duab, yog tseem tsis paub raws nraim, tab sis Leonardo Da Vinci yog thawj zaug uas yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau lub teeb pom kev txawv txawv ntawm cov khoom. Ib me ntsis tom qab, Giovanni Porta tsim lub koob yees duab obscura qauv, uas tau siv los hloov cov contours ntawm tus qauv mus rau lub canvas ntawm tes. Ua tus qauv ntawm lub koob yees duab niaj hnub, lub koob yees duab, alas, tsis tau muab lub sijhawm zoo li lub koob yees duab tom qab muab rau noob neej. Lub sijhawm npau suav ntawm kev tau txais cov duab siv thev naus laus zis los ze, thaum muaj ntau qhov kev tshawb pom tau ua rau muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog lub teeb rhiab heev thiab cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj uas ua rau nws tuaj yeem hloov pauv thiab kho cov duab.

Thawj zaug hauv keeb kwm

Lub xyoo ntawm kev tsim duab thaij duab yog xyoo 1839, thaum Fabkis tus kws tsim khoom Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre luam tawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm nws txoj haujlwm kho cov duab tau nrog lub koob yees duab obscura ntawm daim ntawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nrog rau nws, Henry Fox Talbot thiab YauxejNicephore Neeb. Nws yog Niepce xyoo 1826 uas tau txais thawj qhov kev xav ruaj khov thiab tus qauv ntawm daim duab. Tau koom tes ua ke thiab ua tiav qhov kev pom zoo, Daguerre thiab Niepce pib ua haujlwm ntawm kev tau txais cov duab thaij duab. Qhov tshwm sim yog daguerreotype - tau txais cov duab meej txaus ntawm cov hlau hlau nrog txheej nyiaj iodide siv mercury vapor. Qee lub sij hawm tau dhau mus txij thaum ntawd los, txog rau thaum lub daguerreotype tau tsim los rau hauv kev coj ntawm kev yees duab tso suab. Cov neeg tsim khoom tau ntsib ntau yam teeb meem: cov no yog nyiaj txiag poob, thiab kev to taub yuam kev ntawm lwm tus txog dab tsi invention ntawm photography yuav pab tau tiag tiag. Kev yees duab txhim kho ntxiv li cas?

txheej txheem kev tsim kho

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev yees duab yog qhov tsim ntawm qhov tsis zoo. Qhov no tau qhib qhov muaj peev xwm tshiab: tam sim no nrog kev pab los ntawm kev yees duab tsis zoo nws muaj peev xwm nthuav dav thiab luam cov duab, thiab nws yog tom qab ntawd qhov kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm kev yees duab tau tshwm sim. Hnub ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim zoo kawg li no - 1841 - yog qhov tau txais los ntawm Askiv inventor William Henry Fox Talbot ntawm ib tug patent rau txoj kev calotype - tau txais ib daim ntawv tsis zoo nrog rau kev txhim kho cov duab zoo ntawm cov nyiaj chloride ntawv. Ib qho kev tshawb pom ua tiav: cov txheej txheem ntub dej sib tsoo rau kev txhim kho kev tsim cov emulsion, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thaij duab thiab kev tsim cov duab thaij duab hauv xyoo 1887 yog cov txheej txheem ceev ntawm kev txhim kho thiab yooj yim ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim duab. Thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th tau muab sijhawm rau noob neej kom muaj kev ceev thiab yooj yimkev yees duab, thiab, tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg, qhov kev tsim kho ntawm kev yees duab yog qhov hloov pauv hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev kos duab.

Ntxiv brightness

Thawj daim duab thaij xim yog thaij nrog peb lub koob yees duab. James Clark Maxwell pib sim nrog tau txais cov duab xim, thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm nws txoj haujlwm ntawm kev tua siv cov xim xim xim liab, xiav thiab ntsuab ua rau cov neeg xav tsis thoob. Kev ua haujlwm tau ua raws li kev tshawb pom tias kev sib xyaw ntawm peb cov xim tuaj yeem muab qhov ntxoov ntxoo uas xav tau. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim cov duab xim xim nyob deb: cov txheej txheem tseem nyuaj heev. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, cov kws yees duab tau siv ntau yam xim ntawm cov duab dub thiab dawb, tab sis qhov tiag tiag invention ntawm xim photography tau los ua ib qho kev muaj tiag nrog invention ntawm cov xim yees duab zaj duab xis nyob rau hauv 1935. Ib xyoos tom qab, 35 hli xim zaj duab xis tau muag, thiab nws yog tom qab ntawd qhov kev nthuav dav hauv xim thaij duab pib, nkag tau ntau dua rau cov neeg siv khoom nruab nrab.

From film to digital

Zoo li, dab tsi ntxiv tsim nyog npau suav txog? Lub invention ntawm kev yees duab yog ib qhov loj tshaj discoveries nyob rau hauv keeb kwm. Tab sis tus neeg xav ua kom yooj yim rau lub sijhawm tau txais thiab luam tawm cov duab ntau dua. Ib feem ntawm thawj qhov kev vam meej thiab cov qauv ntawm cov duab tam sim yog qhov kev tsim ntawm lub koob yees duab Polaroid, uas tam sim ntawd luam ib daim duab rau ntawm daim ntawv. Tab sis cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog cov koob yees duab zoo li no nyuaj los ntawm qhov xav taumuas tshwj xeeb cassettes rau cov duab, nrog rau ib tug tsawg tus naj npawb ntawm cov duab. Tab sis tsis ntev ntawm no, ib yam nkaus, cov kws tshawb fawb tshaj tawm lawv txoj kev vam meej, thiab qhov tshiab, "digital" invention of photography tau tshwm sim. Hnub tim - 1975 - yog thaum ntawd thawj lub koob yees duab tau tsim, uas muaj peev xwm yees duab thiab sau cov duab rau ntawm ib tug hlau nplaum cassette. Qhov kev daws teeb meem ntawm thawj daim duab tsuas yog 100 los ntawm 100 pixels, thiab cov khoom siv hlau nplaum hnyav tshaj peb kilograms! Thawj lub koob yees duab compact yog kev txhim kho ntawm Sony hu ua "Mavika", thiab tom qab ntawd lwm cov neeg tsim khoom ua raws li tus thawj coj. Cov tuam txhab sib tw kom tau txais kev daws teeb meem siab dua, tau txais lub peev xwm los sau cov duab ua cov ntaub ntawv cais nrog lub peev xwm los cawm lawv tom qab. Qhov tiag tiag boom thiab dav siv cov xim digital koob yees duab pib thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th thiab pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st.

Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam

Kev tsim ntawm kev yees duab tau muab cov neeg muaj tswv yim tshiab rau kev qhia tus kheej. Zoo li cov neeg pleev kob, cov kws yees duab sim nrog kev sib xyaw thiab kev xav, xim thiab teeb pom kev zoo, sim "ntxhiab" qhov kev txhaj tshuaj zoo tshaj plaws, thiab qee zaum tig lawv cov duab rau hauv cov duab tiag tiag. Annie Leibovitz, Helen Levitt, Steve Maccari, Erich Salomon - cov npe ntawm cov kws yees duab nto moo tuaj yeem sau tau ntev heev, thiab lawv txhua tus tau los ua nto moo nyob rau hauv ib hom kev yees duab ze tshaj plaws. Niaj hnub no, txhua tus neeg hauv ntiaj teb tuaj yeem tsawg kawg ib zaug sim nws tus kheej ua tus kws yees duab. Kev kos duab xav tau kev mob siab rau thiab ib lub tswv yim uas tus sau xav qhia rau nws cov neeg tuaj saib. Puas nyuaj pib ua yeeb yaj kiab ntawm koj tus kheej?

Qhia rau cov pib

• Txhawm rau tsim cov duab ntxim nyiam, koj yuav tsum tsom mus rau qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg uas tau tsim hauv tus ncej. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj tuaj yeem kawm txog cov cai ntawm kev sib xyaw uas siv hauv kev pleev xim, lossis kev sim, tsim koj tus kheej cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tua.
• Tsis txhob caum thev naus laus zis thiab siv zog yuav lub koob yees duab kim tshaj plaws thiab niaj hnub. Qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau tus pib yog xaiv cov cuab yeej yooj yim uas tso cai rau koj kom tau txais kev paub txog kev yees duab, koj tuaj yeem sim nrog cov ntaub ntawv, piv txwv li, tua cov khoom nrog lub koob yees duab zaj duab xis.
• Lub hauv paus uas tus kws yees duab yuav tsum muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm ywj pheej yog kev paub txog qhov tob ntawm qhov chaw, teeb pom kev zoo, muaj pes tsawg leeg, ua haujlwm nrog aperture. Tom qab ntawd, koj tuaj yeem pib tsim nrog kev pab los ntawm kev ua si ntawm lub teeb thiab duab ntxoov ntxoo, ntxiv ntau lub teeb lim rau koj txoj haujlwm, thiab tseem kawm paub yuav ua li cas kom txawj ua cov duab hauv cov haujlwm tsim nyog.

thawj movie

Lub tswv yim ntawm kev yees duab tau piav qhia luv luv saum toj no hauv kab lus, tab sis dab tsi txog keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab? Cov neeg tsim khoom hauv lub xyoo pua 19th tau sim nrog cov tshuab uas yuav ua rau muaj kev ua yeeb yaj kiab ua tau, thiab cov kwv tij Lumiere yog thawj tus ua tiav. Tau ua qauv qhia thawj zaug luv 35 mm cov yeeb yaj kiab hu ua "Tsov Tuaj Txog ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau", "Tawmlos ntawm lub Hoobkas", cov pioneers ntawm xinesmas tau txais kev lees paub rau pej xeem thiab muaj lub sijhawm ntxiv los txhim kho qhov kev coj ua no.

Kev txhim kho ntawm kev ua yeeb yaj kiab

Lub ntsiab lus hloov hauv keeb kwm ntawm xinesmas yog qhov kev tso tawm ntawm Jazz Singer xyoo 1927, thaum ua yeeb yaj kiab tau tsim thiab dubbed. Kev txhim kho ntxiv yog zaj duab xis "Gone with the Wind" filmed color in 1939, thiab tag nrho cov kev hloov mus rau xim video filming twb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Ib tug tseem hluas kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv kos duab twb muab amazing films nyob rau hauv ntau yam. Dab tsi txawm nyob rau hauv ib puas xyoo dhau los zoo li tsis yooj yim sua thiab tsis muaj tseeb, niaj hnub no yog embodied nrog kev pab los ntawm tricks thiab computer graphics. Kev ua yeeb yaj kiab suav nrog pab pawg loj ntawm cov kws tshaj lij uas tsim cov khoom kawg. Cov yeeb yaj kiab zoo tshaj plaws txhua lub sijhawm raug lees paub tias yog Nosferatu (1922, dir. F. Murnau), Xya Samurai (1954, dir. A. Kurosawa), Pulp Fiction (1994, dir. K. Tarantino), "Apocalypse Now" (2003, dir. F. F. Coppola) thiab ntau lwm cov yeeb yaj kiab.

Kev Pom Zoo rau kev txhim kho

Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias tam sim no cov xinesmas tab tom nrhiav cov kev daws teeb meem tshiab rau kev nthuav tawm cov tswv yim thiab cov phiaj xwm, tsim cov kev daws teeb meem zoo nkauj thiab cov txheej txheem hauv computer. Ib qho teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua yeeb yaj kiab niaj hnub yog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev cai lij choj thiab kev ua txhaum cai, kev faib tawm dawb ntawm cov khoom tiav hauv Is Taws Nem. Yuav ua li cas surprise xinesmas yav tom ntej thiab dab tsi levers yuav invented los tswj cov khoom ntawm kos duab? Tsuas muaj sijhawm xwbteb cov lus nug no.